Exam 2 Version 2 Prep

Front 1

What is the structure of alveoli (3 parts)?

And type of tissue?

Back 1

Septal Cells
Alveolar Macrophages
Respiratory Membrane

Hint 1

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Front 2

Septal Cells?

Back 2

Produce lipid called surfactant (reduces surface tension on alveoli)

Hint 2

Prevents them from collapsing

Front 3

Alveolar Macrophages

Back 3

Phagocytic cells that combat foreign materials (dust busters).

Part of Alveoli

Front 4

Respiratory Membrane

Back 4

Simple Squamous tissue of alveoli and capillaries (2 layers)

Respiratory Gasses diffuse here

Front 5

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Back 5

Insufficient surfactant results in immature lungs in fetus. Leading cause of Fetal death. (respiratory distress syndrome)

Front 6

Pleural Membrane

Back 6

Visceral adheres to itself

Parietal adheres to thoracic cavity


These 2 layers contact and keep lungs inflated

They cover the lungs

Front 7

Lungs (Lobulated?)

of Man?

Back 7

All vertebrate lungs are lobulated

Hint 7

Man has 2 left lobes, 3 right lobes

Front 8

Inhalation aka?

Active/Passive?

What muscles?

What happens to volume, pressure etc?

Back 8

Inspiration

Active process

Muscles between ribs called intercostal muscles and diaphragm must contract

Hint 8

By contracting intercostal muscles and diaphragm, interthoracic volume and interpulmonary volume increase, thus pressure decreasing. Atmospheric pressure being greater than lung pressure results in inhalation.

Front 9

Exhalation aka?

Active/Passive?

Back 9

Expiration

Passive process

Simply the recoil of contracted muscles

Front 10

Functional unit of Respiratory System?

Back 10

Alveoli

Front 11

At 100mmHg 98.5% of Oxygen is transported as what?

Oxygen binded to?

Back 11

Oxy-hemoglobin

Iron (Fe) component of hemoglobin can transport 4 Oxygen molecules

Hint 11

Only 1% is dissolved oxygen

Front 12

What are the 3 factors affecting % saturation aka?

Explain each

Which is greatest and least contributor?

Back 12

% Saturation = amount of oxyhemoglobin

Partial Pressure of Oxygen

Bohr Effect

Temperature

Hint 12

Partial pressure of oxygen is greatest factor. Low = less % saturation (Graph)


Bohr Effect- hydrogen binds to hemoglobin altering its structure, causing release of oxygen from molecule (less % saturation). Decreasing pH (increasing acidity) does same thing. Hydrogen ions come from CO2.

Higher temperature favors dissociation of oxygen, thus less % saturation

Front 13

3 Ways CO2 is transported?

Greatest and least contributor?

Explain each

Back 13

CO2 dissolved in plasma (10%, least)

Carbaminohemoglobin (30%)

Bicarbonate Ions (60%) (Chloride shift included)

Hint 13

Carbaminohemoglobin -
When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin is formed, lowering hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen via the Bohr effect.


Bicarbonate Ions-
Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate resulting in bohr effect.
(Chloride Shift)-
-For every bicarb ion leaving blood cell (entering plasma) to be transported to lungs, a chloride ion enters cell to prevent ionic imbalance in cell.
-At lungs the reverse happens

Front 14

3 Conditions effecting gas exchange through stomata + guard cells (causing turgidness)

and 3 causing flaccidness?

Back 14

(Potassium moves into guard cells, water follows osmotically)(Turgid and open)

Light, Low CO2, Biological Clock

Hint 14

(Potassium moves out of guard cells, water follows osmotically)
(Flaccid and closed)

Dehydration, High CO2, Abscistic Acid (when plant stressed)

Front 15

3 Forces contributing to transpiration?

What part of plant performs and subunits?

Explain the 3 forces

Back 15

Transpirational Pull

Root Pressure

Cohesion theory of Water



Water moves up plant through Xylem.
Subunits: Tracheids and vessel elements function as dead empty channel up through root.

Hint 15

Transpirational Pull
• Evaporation of water vapor through the stomata
• Establish of water potential (dry at top of plant), water wants to move up to plant to replenish



Root Pressure:
• Osmotic pressure caused by solute concentration from soil into root



Cohesion theory of Water:
- Since water stays together through dipole attraction, once you push it through it will move through xylem and adhere to walls of xylem.
- Most forceful of the 3 phenomena of water up through xylem

Front 16

2 Units of Phloem Tissue?

Describe them

Back 16

Sieve Cells/ Sieve Tube Members

Companion Cells/Albuminous Cells


Alive at maturity (Active transport)

Hint 16

Sieve elements are the group of cells that are responsible for actually moving sugar-laden fluids through the plant.



The survival of sieve-tube members depends on a close association with the companion cells, a specialized form of parenchyma cell. All of the cellular functions of a sieve-tube element are carried out by the (much smaller) companion cell

Front 17

3 Cell types of Xylem tissue?

Back 17

Tracheids and Vessel Elements

Living Parenchyma

Fibers



Dead at maturity (Passive transport)

Front 18

What is source and sink?

Back 18

Source= location sugar is produced

Hint 18

Sink= where it is used

Front 19

Loading part of translocation means what?

What pump does it use to perform this?

Back 19

Active transport of sucrose into phloem against concentration gradient, sucrose (made in leaf)

Hint 19

Proton Pump

Front 20

Unloading part of translocation occurs where?

How is water involved?

Back 20

Unloads sugar at sink.

Active transport of out of phloem.

Water osmotically follows

Front 21

3 levels of breathing and explanation?

Back 21

External

Internal

Cellular

Hint 21

External - breathing in O2 and out CO2

Internal- Exchange of gases between blood and capillaries


Cellular- utilization of nutrients and oxygen to produce energy

Front 22

What is tendinniae and where is it located?

Back 22

Cutin spirals in epithelial wall of tracheal tubes that prevent collapse and is located in tracheal systems

They are not located in tracheoles, the smallest of the branches

Front 23

Describe tracheal systems and tracheoles?

Back 23

Found in insects and some other arthropods
Does not use circulatory system to transport respiratory gases
Takes air directly from outside
Branched network of tubes kept open by tennidiae
Branches to all cells of body and gas exchange takes place to cells at smallest of tubes called tracheoles
Made up of series of tubes

Hint 23

Tracheoles are permeable to gas and liquid

Front 24

What is an operculum?

Back 24

Covers the gill region of fish

Front 25

Type of tissue in upper respiratory system of man?

Back 25

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Front 26

Type of tissue in nasomucosa of man?

Back 26

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Front 27

Type of tissue in nasopharynx of man?

Back 27

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Front 28

Eustacian tubes connect middle ear to what?

Back 28

Naso pharynx (lateral portion)

Front 29

Type of tissue in oropharynx of man?

Back 29

Stratified Moist Squamous

Front 30

Type of tissue in mucous membrane of larynx in man?

Back 30

Stratified Moist Squamous

Front 31

3 unpaired larynx cartilages?

Back 31

Epiglottis
Cricoid
Thyroid

Front 32

Type of tissue in Tunica mucosa of trachea?

Function of trachea?

Back 32

pseudostratified

Hint 32

Transport of air only

Front 33

Name of nitrogen preparing bacteria?

Has what kind of relationship with what kind of plant?

Back 33

Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in soil called Rhizobium.


Has symbiotic relationship with some legumes containing nitrogenase

Front 34

Symplast

Back 34

Mineral enters root hair, enters cell (through membrane), can use plasmodesmata to go from cell to cell into the stele

Front 35

Apoplast

Back 35

Enters space at cell wall & cell membrane, never enters a cell. When it gets to endodermis, it must go through casparian strip to get into stele

Front 36

What is Thyroid cartilage?

What is attached to inside

Back 36

Single flat cartilage

Adam's Apple

Hint 36

Attached to inside is epiglottis

Front 37

What is function of epiglottis?

Back 37

Flap that closes over entrance to larynx when eating

Front 38

What is glotis

Back 38

Slit-like entrance to larynx

Front 39

Function of Vibrissae?

Back 39

Course hairs at entrance to external nare that filter air

Front 40

Function of Conchae?

Back 40

Warms air

Front 41

3 factors effecting absorption of material in roots?

Back 41

• Concentration of material inside and outside plant
• How easily a mineral can pass through membranes or ion channels in membrane
• The extent to which carriers are available

Front 42

What are the 3 components of soil?

Back 42

Inorganic matter (Mineral)

Organic Matter

Pore Spaces

Front 43

What is humus?

Back 43

partially decayed organic matter

Front 44

3 layers of wall of heart?

Back 44

Epicardium (outer)= inner layer of serous membrane (pericardium)

Myocardium (middle)= cardiac muscle

Endocardium(inner) = endothelium

Front 45

3 layers of wall of vessels and description?

Back 45

• Tunica intima
- closest to lumen
- made of simple squamous epithelium (lining blood vessels is called endothelium)
• Tunica media
- Forms bulk of wall of vessel
- Thickest layer
- Smooth muscle
- Responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction of vessel
• Tunica adventitia
- Outer connective tissue layer
- Anchors vessels to other tissues and nerves to blood vessels.
- In large arteries like aorta, wall of vessel has vessels within called vasa vasorum (means “vessels of vessels)

Front 46

Smallest arteries called?

Back 46

Arterioles

Front 47

3 events of Hemostasis?

Back 47

Blood Vessel Spasm

Platelet Plug Formation

Formation of Clot- most effective

Front 48

Functions of circulatory system?

Back 48

o Transport
o Regulation of body temperature
o Maintain fluid balance
o Contains most cells for body’s defense system

Front 49

Where does the production of sound come from?

Back 49

Vocal folds in the larynx

Front 50

What are the 3 paired larynx cartilages?

Back 50

artenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms

Front 51

Vessel Elements Diagram

Back 51

Front 52

Conduction System Diagram

Back 52

Front 53

Heart Diagram

Back 53

Front 54

Gas Exchange at capillaries diagram

Back 54

Front 55

Hemoglobin Saturation % vs Pressure O2 Chart

Back 55

Front 56

another O2 Saturation % vs Pressure O2 Chart

Back 56

Front 57

Temperature effect on % saturation vs O2 Chart

Back 57