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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Attention. |
A cognitive system that lets us process relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information. |
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What are the 2 types of attention? |
Exogenous and Endogenous |
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What is Exogenous Attention? |
Attention system that lets us orient towards stimulus w/o conscious control. |
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What is Endogenous attention? |
Attention system that lets us orient towards stimulus voluntarily. |
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What is it called when Exogenous becomes Endogenous? Define it. |
Habituation : Response to stimulus decreases after repeated presentation. |
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Define Change Blindness. |
failure to detect changes in a stimulus due to lack of attention. People miss things when change is slow, small, there are distractions. |
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What is the Other Race Effect (ORE)? |
Harder for us to see differences in faces not of our own racial/ethnic group. |
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What does change blindness tell us? |
Attention isn't perfect. What we miss depends on the stimuli/situation and on us. |
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Damage to what area results in Neglect? Define neglect. |
Posterior parietal lobe. Damage to brain results in failure to notice part of space. Most commonly right parietal love leading to neglect of left side of space. |
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Is attention required for awareness? Give a phenomenon. |
Not always.. Cocktail party phenomenon: Some words attract attention even in unattended channel. |
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What is an infix? |
Morpheme that appears in the middle of word. |
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How many morphemes does running have? |
run / ing |
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How many morphemes does indescribable have? |
in / describe / able |
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What is a gesture? |
Meaningful motion of hand/arms/body. |
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What is an Emblem? |
Gestures that get meaning from convention, may be produced without speech. |
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What are co-speech gestures? |
Gestures the get meaning from accompanying speech. |
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What parts of the brain deal with language? |
Left-lateralized. BA 44, 45: IFG ,posterior portion of BA 22, STG. |
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What is aphasia? |
Inability to produce/ understand language. |
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What is a result of damage to IFG / BA 44/45? |
Dysfluent aphasia: Can't produce words. AKA production or Broca's aphasia. |
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What is the result of damage to posterior BA 22? |
Fluent aphasia: Can produce words, but not right meaning. AKA comprehension or Wernicke's aphasia. |
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What is Linguistic relativity and determinism? |
aka Sapir/ Whorf hypothesis. Relativity: different languages encode different semantic features in different ways. FACT. Determinism: The language one speaks determines thought, perception ("strong version") or at least some exerts some influence on thought, perception ("weak" version). No one believes strong version. |
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What is a fMRI and how does it work? |
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, directly measures blood flow to particular areas of the brain. More active areas use more blood. INDIRECT measure of neural activity. |
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What is a fMRI used for? |
Compare brain activity across different tasks. |
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What is EEG/ERP? How does it work? |
Electro-encophalography, net of electrodes, each electrode records activity from groups of neurons firing under the scalp. ERP: event-related potentials |
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How can info from an EEG be used? |
Need to look at activity around specific events (ERPs) and figure out how specific events let you answer a research question. |
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Why can't cognition be understood in isolation? |
Interaction with physical world creates cognition. Interaction with social world creates cognition. |
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Define synaptic pruning |
Process through which neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated. |
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What is the result of synaptic pruning? |
Density of neural connections changes. |
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What gets pruned due to synaptic pruning? |
Unused connections die off, Frequently used connections strengthened. (Cell assemblies form via Hebbian learning) |
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What are two examples of how interaction with the physical world create cognition? |
Object permanence and Visual Cliff |
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Define object permanence |
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible. |
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At what point does a human develop object permanence? |
At 9 months. |
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What's a better explanation of object permanence? |
Undeveloped short-term memory, attention, sensory/motor control. |
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What does work on visual cliffs tell us about human cognition? |
Infants want to explore; Mesh between ability and situation plays role, social cues play role. |
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Define perspective taking |
Ability to track another person's mental state. |
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Does perspective taking develop continuously or discretely? |
Continuously, impacted by development of STM, LTM, attention, language.... |
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Why is deception useful for understanding perspective taking? |
Concealing your mental state requires knowing others have MSs, can differ from yours. |
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How can children younger than 4 or 5 lie before they acquire Theory of Mind? |
They are trying to avoid negative consequences by changing people's actions, not their mental states. Children who lie before acquiring ToM may be trying to shape other's actions. Kids who lie after ToM are trying to shape other's mental states. |
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State the age that each of these capacities are acquired: Recognition of mental states: Intention & JA, Theory of mind, Communicative intention, Deception. |
6 months, 4-5, 1, 3 but really 4-5 |
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What's so hard about perspective taking? |
Uses cognitive resources to take another's perspective (attention, memory) Late maturation of brain areas involved in perspective taking means it takes a long time. |
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When is the PFC developed enough to go from being Egocentric to thinking about others, controlling impulses, and being socially responsible? |
Egocentric from 10-16ish, and thinking about others 17-20ish |
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How can we measure the development of the PFC? |
The trust game, where there are two players and each player can choose to either take the money for the round, or can choose to divide it evenly with the other player and the amount increases. |
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What is the mPFC known to be involved with? |
Social cognition; activated for any social cognition task. |
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Big picture summary of social cognition. |
Cognition can't be understood in isolation. Early sensory-motor & social interaction required for cognitive development. Interacting with physical & social worlds creates human cognition. |
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Define distributed cognition. |
Cognition is not confined to single mind, but is distributed across people and across person & physical environment. |
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Give two examples of distributed cognition. |
Language is affected by interactions with others because based on convention. Language is inherently social. Attention is affected by interactions with physical environment because we're more sensitive to changes in faces of members of out own race. Other race effect = dependent on what we're exposed to as infants. |
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Give a couple everyday examples of distributed cognition. |
Language is affected by interactions with others because we get others to find words for us. Attention is affected by interactions with physical environment because we use environment to expand capacity of attention. |
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Define Epistemic action. |
Action taken in physical world with goal of changing mental task. |
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What does Epistemic action contrast with and what is it's definition? |
Pragmatic action: action taken in physical world with goal of changing physical world. |
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Why does it help to externalize our representations (why are epistemic actions good)? |
At least one reason: Limited capacity of attention, memory |
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How are epistemic actions and distributed cognition related? |
EAs are examples of cognition being distributed across person and A) others and/or B) environment. E.g. action taken in physiccal world to make cognition easier for BOTH of them. |
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Define the Embodied cognition hypothesis. |
Cognition is shaped by having human body, interacting with world using that body. Body is definitely not just a meat sack, embodied hypothesis argues also more than a filter. |
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What is BA 6 associated with and where is it located on the two handed model? |
Motor planning, posterior part of pinky (anterior = PFC) |
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Are motor parts of the brain activated when people are reading sentences about motor action? |
Yes, Support from fMRI for Embodied sentence processing. |
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More support for the embodied cognition hypothesis involving bodies changing minds. |
Posture affects decision making; expansive posture leads to greater sense of power compared to contractive. |
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What is action benefit for learning? |
Associating actions with words or concepts can help you learn material better. |
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Why is the action benefit for learning support for embodiment hypothesis? |
Claims producing language involves activating sensory/motor parts of the brain. |
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Relate co-speech gestures and sensory motor activation. |
Co-speech gestures may occur because of sensory motor activation. |
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What are some claims of embodied cognition? |
How humans think is shaped by having human body, interacting with world using that body. Sensory/motor activation occurs during many cognitive tasks. |
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If there is sensory/motor activation... Is it automatic? Is it always there? |
Can't say for sure, but looks like it. Don't know yet. |
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How is embodied cognition different from distributed cognition? |
Distributed cognition is broader, about general mind/body interaction. Embodiment hypothesis is more specific, argues having this particular body shapes cognition. |
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What are the 4 branches of Philosophy and what are they? |
Logic: Correct vs. Incorrect reasoning Metaphysics: Features of reality, nature of existence, nature of mind... Epistemology: Nature & origin of human knowledge. Ethics: Evaluation of human conduct. |
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Define Monism. |
Mind & body are one thing (or only one of them exists) |
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What are the two categories of monism and describe them. |
Idealism: Nothing exists but the mind. Materialism: Nothing exists but the body (matter) Mind has no independent existence. |
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Define Reductive materialism. |
Subtype of materialism, reduces mind to brain, mental phenomena (beliefs, desires) to physical phenomena. |
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Define Reductionism. |
Complex systems can be reduces to simpler components. |
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Define Eliminative materialism. |
Subtype of reductive materialism (reduces mind to brain, mental phenomena to physical phenomena), advocated for elimination of anything we can't find neural correlates for. Attempts to eliminate from our scientific vocabulary any concept that can't be explained in neural terms. |
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What is Dualism? |
Mental & physical both exist. |
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Define Classical Dualism. |
Mind controls body, body does not control mind. |
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Define Epiphenomenalism. |
Physical causes mental, mind is epiphenomenon of physical processes. Epiphenomenon: A byproduct that arises from, but doesn't causally influence, a thing. |
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Define interactionism. |
Thoughts produce actions, actions produce thoughts. |
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Define Functionalism. |
What makes something mind is not what it's made of, but how it functions. Mental states are physical states. Anything that can implement those physical states is a mind. |
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Is functionalism monist or dualist? |
Neither. It's neutral with regard to mind-body relationship. |
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Define Introspection. |
Examination of one's thoughts/feelings. |
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What does empirical mean? |
Based on observation. Cognitive science is empirical. |
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Why do experimental philosophers collect data? |
Because introspection is misleading (Senses are liars) and Introspection varies across individuals. |
