Exam 2 Study Guide

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

Is the awareness of the sensation, thoughts, and feelings we experience at every given moment.

Front 2

Brain activity during REM sleep.

Back 2

Sleep occupying20% of an adult’s sleeping time, characterizedby: Increased heart rate, blood pressure andbreathing rate ErectionsEye movementsExperience of dreaming

Front 3

Seasonal affective disorder

Back 3

A mood disorder characterized by depression that occurs at the same time every year.

Front 4

Effects of sleep deprivation.

Back 4

• Sleep is a requirement for normal humanfunctioning • Exact reason for sleep is unknown • Explanations• Evolutionary theory• Restoration and replenishment for brain and body• Physical growth and brain development

Front 5

The classifications of different types of drugs.

Back 5

• Psychoactive drugs: Influence a person’semotions, perceptions, and behaviour

• Addictive drugs: Produce a biological orpsychological dependence in the user • Withdrawal from them leads to a craving for thedrug that may be nearly irresistible

Front 6

Psychological perspective on dreams.

Back 6

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconsciousness wishes that dreamers desire to be fulfilled.

Front 7

Watson & little Albert

Back 7

he conditioned that he can get a child to fear something they never feared before.

Front 8

Learning

Back 8

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Front 9

memory

Back 9

The process by which we encode store and retrieve information.

Front 10

recency affect

Primary affect

Back 10

R) that when people are asked to recall in any order the items on a list, those that come at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled than the others.

P) says that when given a list of information and later asked to recall that information, the items at the beginning (primacy) and the items at the end (recency) are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

Front 11

Habituation

Back 11

The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus. `

Front 12

extinction

Back 12

learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency eventually disappears.

Front 13

reinforcers

Back 13

any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Front 14

Pavlov

Back 14

He used a dog with food he showed how if u use a certain sound with a dog it will know it will be time for food and it will salivate.

Front 15

shcemas - functioning and memory

Back 15

sets of cognitions about people in experiences.

Front 16

chuncking

Back 16

a group of information that can be stored in short term memory.

Front 17

flashbulb memory

Back 17

a memory that can be recalled easily

Front 18

the functions of rehearsal

Back 18

the repetition of information that has entered short term memory

Front 19

working memory

Back 19

a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information.

Front 20

spreading activation in memory

Back 20

Activating one memories in a process

Front 21

central excutive processor functions

Back 21

amygdala and hippocampus

Front 22

operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Back 22

Pavlov vs. Skinner

Operant involves reinforcement and punishment Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors

classical Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors

Front 23

fixed ratio vs. fixed interval schedules of reinforcement

Back 23

fixed ratio relies on the principles of operant conditioning as fixed interval his schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer.

Front 24

continuous and intermittent reinforment

Back 24

con- when a target behavior is reinforced each and every time it is exhibited

int - only part of the time.

Front 25

unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

Back 25

stimulas - food

response- reaction.

Front 26

generalization vs discrimination

Back 26

generalization -

the transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another similar stimulus.

discrimination -

learning to respond to one stimulus but not to another similar stimulus.

Front 27

observational learning

Back 27

shaping and modeling a vicarious reinforcement.

Front 28

the stages in the 3 stage model of memory

Back 28

sensory short and long term memory

Front 29

the sequences in which memory process occur

Back 29

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