Exam 2 Sociology

Front 1

What places were colonized for lowest-cost natural resources?

Back 1

Asia, Africa, & Pacific

Front 2

Berlin West Africa Conference

Back 2

discussion of how colonies divide the continent's resources among colonial powers.

Front 3

define: social interaction

Back 3

everyday actions of how one another communicate

Front 4

example of social interaction

Back 4

language & gestures

Front 5

define: division of labor

Back 5

work that is broken down into different tasks generally around the world.

Front 6

What are 3 sources from congo?

Back 6

copper, silver, gold, industrial diamonds.

Front 7

define:solidarity

Back 7

the ties that bind people to one another in a society

Front 8

define:mechanical solidarity

Back 8

social order based on a common conscience or uniform thinking and behavior

Front 9

example of mechanical solidarity (general form)

Back 9

religion, shared way of life, kinship

Front 10

specific example of mechanical solidarity

Back 10

Mbuti tribe recognizes "father or mother" through forest b/c of food, warmth, shelter, etc.

Front 11

define:organic solidarity

Back 11

social order based on cooperation performing a wide range of diverse and specialized tasks

Front 12

example of organic solidarity (general)

Back 12

specializing vs. dependence

Front 13

specific example of organic solidarity

Back 13

tires from dealers, customer through telephone, travel through airplane

Front 14

what happens if there is disruptions to the division of labor?

Back 14

It affects the interaction and individual's ability to connect w/ others

Front 15

What was Durkheim's hypothesis?

Back 15

people become more vulnerable as labor becomes more complex and specialized

Front 16

Disruption to division of labor can happen through what 5 examples?

Back 16

1. industrial crisis
2. workers strike
3. job specialization
4. forced division of labor
5. inefficient management & development of workers

Front 17

Look at page 124

Back 17

when get the chance

Front 18

define: social status

Back 18

a position in social structure

Front 19

define: social structure

Back 19

2 + people occupying social statuses & interacting in expected ways

Front 20

3 examples of social structures

Back 20

1. doctor & patient
2. sister & brother
3. student & teacher

Front 21

define: status set

Back 21

all statuses an individual assumes

Front 22

define: ascribed statuses

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results from chance & individual didn't use any effort to obtain the status

Front 23

3 example of ascribed statuses

Back 23

race, national origin, sex

Front 24

some misconceptions of "achieved statuses" when it is ascribed (3)

Back 24

1. going thru a sex change
2. lightening skin
3. hiring plastic surgeon

Front 25

define: achieved statuses

Back 25

status obtained through work and effort

Front 26

examples of achieved statuses (2)

Back 26

martial & education attainment

Front 27

define: master status

Back 27

status that takes over all other possible statuses

Front 28

3 examples of master status

Back 28

1. unemployed
2. retired
3. homosexual

Front 29

people occupy ___________ and perform _______

Back 29

1. statuses
2. roles

Front 30

define: role

Back 30

behavior and obligations expected of a social status in relation to another social status

Front 31

define: role obligations

Back 31

relationship & behavior a person must assume towards social status

Front 32

2 example of role

Back 32

1. patient and physician
2. professor to student

Front 33

define: right

Back 33

a behavior that one assuming a role can demand or expect from another.

Front 34

define: role strain

Back 34

predicament where social role of a person is contradiction expectations

Front 35

define: role conflict

Back 35

predicament where 2+ roles contradict w/ one another

Front 36

example of role conflict

Back 36

women -> sick
should she take medicine? (to get better)
medicine -> will affect health of baby

Front 37

define: dramaturgical model

Back 37

model where social interaction is viewed as if it were a theater, people as the actors, & roles as performances in setting

Front 38

examples of dramaturgical model

Back 38

dress, usage of words, & gestures

Front 39

define: impression management

Back 39

people portray themselves through dress, words etc. to present to society

Front 40

impression causes management to be in a state of

Back 40

dilemma

Front 41

how is impression causing management to be in the state of dilemma?

Back 41

losing integrity vs loses audience

Front 42

define: front stage

Back 42

everyday life visibility(to show images and behavior society expects)

Front 43

define: backstage

Back 43

everyday life out of public visibility that would be inappropriate for front stage

Front 44

define: Thomas theorem

Back 44

assumption of how people construct reality

Front 45

define: dispositional causes

Back 45

forces where individuals are supposed to have control

Front 46

define: situational causes

Back 46

forces outside individual's immediate control

Front 47

example of situational causes

Back 47

1. weather

Front 48

define: scapegoat

Back 48

a person or group blamed for conditions:
1. cannot be controlled
2. threatened communities well-being

Front 49

define: social stratification

Back 49

process of ranking people on scale of social worth, affecting life chances

Front 50

define: life chances

Back 50

set of potential social advantages

Front 51

example of life chances

Back 51

life expectancy depending on where they live

Front 52

define: status value

Back 52

those who have a certain characteristic are more valuable than those who possess other characteristics

Front 53

example of status value

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1. white skin vs brown skin
2. low vs high income
3. blond vs. dark hair

Front 54

country people are born affect _______ ________

Back 54

life chances

Front 55

5 worst chances of infant survival

Back 55

1. Angola
2. Sierra Leone
3. Afghanistan
4. Liberia
5. Somalia

Front 56

5 best chances of infant survival

Back 56

1. Singapore
2. Sweden
3. Hong Kong
4. Japan
5. Iceland

Front 57

Income least inequality

Back 57

1.Azerbaijan
2. Japan
3. Czech Republic

Front 58

Income most inequality

Back 58

1. Sierra Leone
2. Namibia

Front 59

define: caste system

Back 59

system where people are ranked basis of ascribed characteristics

Front 60

define: class system

Back 60

system where people are based on achieved characteristics

Front 61

example of caste system

Back 61

1. India (look up)
2. Africa - apartheid

Front 62

define: social mobility

Back 62

movement from one social class to another

Front 63

define: vertical mobility

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change in social class that corresponds to a gain or loss in rank

Front 64

define: downward mobility

Back 64

a form of vertical mobility where person moves down rank

Front 65

define: upward mobillity

Back 65

form of vertical mobility where person moves up rank

Front 66

define: intragenerational mobility

Back 66

form of vertical mobiity in which a person moves upward or downward in rank in lifetime

Front 67

define: intergenerational mobility

Back 67

form of vertical mobility where person moves upward or downward in rank of 2+ generations

Front 68

Name the 3 examples of US class systems

Back 68

1. Declaration of Independence
2. Constitution
3. Bill of Rights

Front 69

Functionalist maintain poverty exists b/c

Back 69

contribution of ORDER and STABILITY in society

Front 70

Lowering wage and labor costs =

Back 70

higher employer profit

Front 71

US money does not go directly to poor but goes to

Back 71

corporation agencies

Front 72

Best qualified people are weakened when: (3)

Back 72

1. individuals are overlooked
2. elite groups control training
3. parents influence & wealth

Front 73

Social inequality is mechanism when

Back 73

most-important positions in society is filled

Front 74

job paid most vs not but similar job example

Back 74

daycare vs auto mechanic

Front 75

benefit of economy (6)

Back 75

1. lowering production cost by hiring employees who will work for less wage
2. lowering production cost by securing raw material (to lowest price)
3. creating new product that is "needed to buy"
4. improving existing products
5. expanding corporations
6. Redistribution

Front 76

define: core economies

Back 76

wealthiest highest economy

Front 77

example of core economy

Back 77

US, Canada, UK

Front 78

define: peripheral economies

Back 78

economies that rely on commodities like coffee, peanuts.

Front 79

examples of peripheral economies

Back 79

Vietnam

Front 80

define: semi peripheral economies

Back 80

moderately wealthy but have extreme inequality.

Front 81

Example of semi peripheral economies

Back 81

United Arab Emirates

Front 82

level of dependency in economy

Back 82

core -> semi-peripheral-> peripheral

Front 83

define: global inequality

Back 83

unequal distribution of income w/in each country

Front 84

define: colonialism

Back 84

form of domination where foreign power enforces political, economic, social and cultural institutions so it can control resources, labor and markets.

Front 85

What were the 3 goals of millennium Development project?

Back 85

1. 1/2 proportion that has income less than $1 daily
2. 1/2 proportion of people who suffer from hunger
3. Reduce 3/4 from 1990-2015 maternal mortality ratio

Front 86

define: neocolonialism

Back 86

continuing economic dependence on former colonial powers despite independence

Front 87

define: class

Back 87

category that designates person's overall economic & social status

Front 88

3 Common sources include:

Back 88

1. wage laborer - wages
2. capitalists- profit
3. landowners- rents

Front 89

define: negatively privileged property class

Back 89

Weber- lowest part of class system

Front 90

define: positively privileged property class

Back 90

weber- top of class system

Front 91

define: status group

Back 91

people held together by lifestyle and expected level of esteem which other people hold them

Front 92

Political parties

Back 92

Parties that are organized to represent people of a certain class and status with certain interests, and wish to acquire social power.

Front 93

Extreme poverty

Back 93

Severe poverty where basic needs cannot be purchased

Front 94

Extreme wealth

Back 94

Having a high enough wealth that a fraction of it could provide all of the poorest people with basic needs

Front 95

Urban underclass

Back 95

People who live in inner cities who represent the bottom of the economic ladder

Front 96

Race

Back 96

A group of people who have a common history, ancestry and physical features

Front 97

Ethnicity

Back 97

People who share (or think/told they share) a common ancestry, place of birth, social or physical traits.

Front 98

Systems of racial and ethnic classification

Back 98

The system that places someone into a racial and ethnic classification, which are ranked on a scale of social worth

Front 99

Biological view on race

Back 99

No true 'biological race', race is only defined by the government. Children have the race of one of their parents

Front 100

How is social importance measured?

Back 100

Powerful groups have produced (illogical) racial and ethnic categories to measure social importance

Front 101

Race of child if both parents are white?

Back 101

White

Front 102

Race of child if one parent is not white?

Back 102

Race of the non-white parent

Front 103

Race of child if neither parent are white?

Back 103

Pre 1989 - Father
Post 1989 - Mother

Front 104

Race of child if race of only one parent is known?

Back 104

Race of known parent.

Front 105

Interrelated factors that determine racial and ethnic group?

Back 105

Chance, context and choice.

Front 106

Foreign-born

Back 106

Someone who is a citizen of one country but was born in another

Front 107

Minority Group

Back 107

Subgroup within society that is categorized by physical and cultural characteristics, and is excluded from full participation in society

Front 108

assimilation

Back 108

a process which ethnic or racial distinctions b/w groups disappear b/c one group is into another group's culture or two cultures blend to form new culture

Front 109

absorption assimilation

Back 109

process by where minorities adapt to the dominant culture

Front 110

define: segregation

Back 110

separation of categories of people

Front 111

involuntary minorities

Back 111

ethnic or racial groups forced to become part of a country by slavery or colonization

Front 112

define: voluntary minorities

Back 112

racial or ethnic groups that come to country expecting improve way of life

Front 113

define: melting pot assimilation

Back 113

cultural blending in which groups accept new behaviors & values from one another producing a new culture.

Front 114

define: ideology

Back 114

beliefs explaining why things are the way they are.

Front 115

example of jim crow law

Back 115

white women nurses were not allowed tend negro men

Front 116

define: prejudice

Back 116

unfavorable judgment about an outgroup and applies to anyone in that group

Front 117

define: stereotypes

Back 117

inaccurate generalizations about people who belong to an outgroup

Front 118

define: selective perception

Back 118

process in which prejudiced persons notice only behaviors related to an outgourp that support their sterotypes about the outgroup

Front 119

define: discrimination

Back 119

intentional or unintential unequal treatments of people b/c of attributes, denying goals

Front 120

define: non prejudiced nondiscriminators (all weather liberals)

Back 120

persons who accept creed of equal opportunity and whose conduct conforms to that creed

Front 121

define: nonprejudiced discrimnators (fair-weather liberals)

Back 121

persons who believe = opportunity but discrimante b/c doing so gives them advantage

Front 122

define: predujiced nondiscrimnators (timid bigots)

Back 122

persons who reject creed of = opportunity but refrain from discrimination b/c fear of sanctions that they might get caught

Front 123

define: prejudiced discriminators (active bigots)

Back 123

persons who reject notion of = opportunity and profess right to discriminate

Front 124

define: individual discrimination

Back 124

action of an individual that depreciates someone from outgroup and denies opportunities to participate

Front 125

define: institutionalized discrimination

Back 125

the day to day practices performed by dominant group

Front 126

define: stigma

Back 126

reduction of eyes of others b/c of disability or lack

Front 127

define: mixed contacts

Back 127

interaction b/w stigmatized & normals

Front 128

define: primary sex characteristics

Back 128

traits essential to reproduction

Front 129

define: sex

Back 129

biological concept based on primary sex characteristics

Front 130

define: intersexed

Back 130

people w/ some mixture of male and female biological characteristics

Front 131

define: transsexuals

Back 131

the primary sex characteristics not matching the sex they perceive themselves to be

Front 132

define: secondary sex characteristics

Back 132

physical traits not essential to reproduction.

Front 133

3 example of secondary sex characteristics

Back 133

breasts, voice, facial hair

Front 134

define: gender

Back 134

social distinction of appearance, behavior mental and emotional characteristics for men and women

Front 135

define: masculinity

Back 135

traits of male

Front 136

define: femaninity

Back 136

traits of female

Front 137

define: gender polarizatoin

Back 137

everything a person does that is sex influenced

Front 138

2 example of gender polarization

Back 138

putting makeup, how early getting up before going some place

Front 139

define: gender schematic

Back 139

overall look of how masculinity vs femininity is looked upon through society. (shoes example)

Front 140

define: social emotions

Back 140

internal bodily sensations experienced in relationships w/ other people

Front 141

define: commercialization of gender ideals

Back 141

process of introducing products by using ads that draw standards of masculinity and femininty

Front 142

define: structural constraints

Back 142

established and customary rules policies day-to day practices that affect a person's life chances

Front 143

define: sexism

Back 143

belief that one sex is superior to another

Front 144

define: feminism

Back 144

advocates equality b/w men & women

Front 145

define: ethgender

Back 145

social category that combines sex, gender, race, & ethnicity