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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Periosteum |
dense irregular connective tissue, divided into outer "fibrous" layer and inner "cambium" layer. Fibrous layer contains fibroblasts and cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. Covers the outside of bones |
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Striations |
alternating light and dark transverse bands; -results from an overlapping of internal contractile proteins |
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Osteogenic cells |
endosteum, peiosteum, and in central canals; produce new osteoblasts |
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Osteoblasts |
bone-forming cells -under endosteum and periosteum -non-mitotic -matrix--mineral deposition |
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OsteoClasts |
bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface typically have 3-4 nuclei, could have up to 50 |
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Components of Matrix of Osseous Tissue |
1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter Organic Matter: collagen, carbohydrate-protein complexes Inorganic Matter: 85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, other minerals (fluoride, sodium) |
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epiphyses |
end part of a bone |
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Diaphysis |
shaft or central part of a long bone |
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Flat Bones |
protect soft organs provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment curved but wide and thin examples: scapula, sternum |
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Short Bones |
Equal in length and width Glide across one another in multiple directions Enable ankles and wrists to bend in multiple directions example: talus, capitate (carpal) bone |
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Long Bones |
Longer than wide Rigid levers acted upon by muscles to produce body movements Examples: ulna, femur, radius |
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Irregular Bones |
Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories Examples: vertebrae and skull bones such as sphenoid and ethmoid |
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Red Bone marrow |
Myeloid Tissue Hemopoietic: produces blood cells found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur |
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Yellow Bone Marrow |
most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow no longer produces blood , but in event of extreme anemia can transform back into red marrow |
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Ossification |
Formation of bone |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
produces flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle |
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Endochondral Ossification |
process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage. begins around 6th week of development and continues until a person's 20's |
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Interstitial growth |
Bones increase in length |
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Appositional Growth |
Bones increase in width throughout life deposition of new bone at the surface Osteoblasts on deep side of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue Lay down matrix in layers parallel to surface forms circumferential lamellae over surface Osteoclasts of endosteumf enlarge marrow activity |
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Mineral Reabsorption |
the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood Performed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border |
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Mineral Deposition |
Crystallization process in which calcium phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that become encrusted with minerals that harden the matrix |
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HypoCalcemia |
Calcium Deficiency causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and leads to muscle tremors/spasms |
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HyperCalcemia |
Excess of Calcium Causes depression of the nervous system, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and sometimes cardiac arrest Excessive amounts of calcium bind to the cell surface increasing the charge difference across the membrane an making sodium channels less responsive |
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Calcitriol |
form of Vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys principle function is to raise the blood calcium concentration Necessary for bone deposition, without it calcium and phosphate levels are too low for normal deposition and result in softness of the bones |
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PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) |
Secreted by the parathyroid gland, release PTH when calcium is low. Raises blood calcium level by: 1) PTH binds to receptors on osteoblasts and raises the osteoclasts populations and promotes bone resorption 2)PTH promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys so less calcium is lost in urine 3) PTH promotes final step of calictriol synthesis in kidneys enhancing calcium-raising effect of calcitriol 4)PTH inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, thus inhibiting bone deposition |
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Calcitonin |
secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high 1) Osteoclast Inhibition which liberates less calcium from the skeleton 2) Osteoblast Stimulation: Increases the number and activity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton |
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Epiphyseal Plate |
thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. Persists through childhood and adolescence and serves as a growth zone for elongation By late 20's, all remaining cartilage in epiphyseal plate is consumed and the gap between epiphyses and diaphysis closes. |
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Epiphyseal Line |
Part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal plate in long bones once a person has reached their full adult height |
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Stress Fracture |
break caused by abnormal trauma, such as falls, athletics and military combat |
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Pathological Fracture |
break in bone weakened by some other disease such as bone cancer or osteoporosis |
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Osteoporosis |
degenerative bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass, increasing susceptibility to spontaneous fractures and sometimes deformity of vertebral column |
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Osteomalacia |
Softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of Vitamin D of calcium |
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Bony Joint (Synostosis) |
Immovable Ossifies (frontal and mandibular bones in infants) |
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Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis) |
adjacent bones collagen fibers Example: Syndesmoses, interosseous membranes Most movable -> radius to ulna -> supination to pronation Less Movable -> tibia to fibula |
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Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthrosis) |
cartilage, symphyses fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc Bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs |
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Synovial Joints (Diarthrosis) |
freely movable, structurally complex, develop painful dysfunction, |
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Ball and socket joints |
shoulder and hip joints only multi axial joints in the body one bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cupcake socket on the other |
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Condylar Joint
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Oval convex surface of one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other |
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Saddle joints |
both bones have a saddle shaped-surface, concave in one direction base and thumb |
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Plane (gliding) joint |
bone surfaces are flat. adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement between carpal bones and wrist |
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Hinge Joints |
moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other example: elbow, knee, finger and toe |
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Pivot |
monomial joint in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. atlantoaxial joint between first 2 vertebrae and radioulnar joint of elbow |
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Myofibrils |
Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm 1) Glycogen-stored in abundance to provide energy with heightened exercise 2) Myoglobin-red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activity |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril |
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Terminal Cisternae |
dilated end sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other |
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T tubules |
tubular inholdings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side |
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Triad |
a T tubule and two terminal cisterns |
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Synapse |
point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell |
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Synaptic Cleft |
tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma |
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Neuromuscular Junction |
when target cell is a muscle fiber -each terminal branch of the nerve fiber within the NMJ forms separate synapse with the muscle fiber -One nerve fiver stimulates the muscle fiber at several points within the NMJ` |
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Myofilaments |
threadlike complex of several hundred contractile protein molecules |
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Thick Filament |
myofilament composed of bundles myosin molecules |
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Thin Filament |
composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
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Elastic Filament |
composed of a giant protein, titian, that flanks a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc |
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Z- disc |
a protein disc to which thin filaments and elastic filaments are anchored at each end of a sarcomere; appears as a narrow dark line in the middle of the I band |
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A - Band |
dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap thin filaments |
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I - Band |
a light band composed of thin filaments only |
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M- Line |
dark line in the middle of an H-band; origin of thick filaments |
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H- Band |
lighter region in the middle of an A band that contains thick filaments only; thin filaments do not reach this far into the A band in relaxed muscle |
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Sarcomere |
the distance from one Z disc to the next; the contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
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Triponin |
regulatory protein associated with tropomyosin that acts as a calcium receptor |
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Endosteum |
thin layer of reticular tissue with cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it |
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Trabecula |
thin plate or layer of tissue such as trabeculae of spongy bone or the fibrous trabeculae that subdivide a gland |
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lucunae |
small cavity within the bone matrix where osteocytes are trapped and connected by slender channels called canaliculi |
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Diploe |
Spongy layer of bone in the cranium |
