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86 Cards in this Set
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Cell Biology |
Cytology - The study of the structure and function of cells The human body contains somatic cells and sex cells |
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Their Cell Membrane includes: |
Physical Isolation Regulation of exchange with the environment Structural support The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates |
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Membrane proteins include: |
Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Anchoring proteins Recognition proteins Receptor proteins Carrier proteins Channels |
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Membrane carbohydrates that form the glycocalyx |
Proteoglycans Glycolipids Glycoproteins |
(Glycocalyx) carbohydrates |
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The cell theory states: (5) |
Cells are the building block of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiology functions Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level Homeostasis at higher levels reflects combined, coordinated actions of many cells |
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The cytoplasm contains |
The fluid (cytosol) The organelles that the cytosol surrounds |
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Nonmembranous organelles that are not enclosed by a membrane and always in touch with the cytosol: |
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes |
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Membranous organelles that are surrounded by lipid membranes: |
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria |
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Cytoskeleton that provides strength and flexibility: |
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Thick filaments |
3 ...Filaments |
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Microvilli |
Minute, timberline extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. Increase the plasma membrane surface area |
Little shaggy hairs |
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Cilia |
Whip-like, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed surfaces of certain cells Anchored by a basal body Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface |
Eyelashes |
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Centrioles |
Small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other Direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division Organize the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is the centrosome is the centrosome
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Ribosomes |
Small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs (rRNA) Are responsible for manufacturing proteins Are composed of a large and a small ribosomal subunit Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Can be free or fixed ribosomes |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
An extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities Intracellular membranes involved in synthesis, storage, transportation and detoxification Forms cisternae Rough ER (RER) contains ribosomes Forms transport vesicles Smooth ER Involved in lipid synthesis |
Network within the cytoplasm |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Consists of stacked and slatterns flattened membranous sacs associated with swarms of tiny membranous vesicles Forms secretory vesicles Discharged by exocytosis Forms new membrane components Packages lysosomes |
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Lysosomes |
Lysosomes- spherical membraneous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes Lysosomes are filled with digestive enzymes Responsible for autolysis of injured cells |
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Mitochondria |
Typically thread like or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles Responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration Matrix - fluid contents of mitochondria Cristae - folds in inner membrane |
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Nucleus |
The center of cellular operations Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Communicates with cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
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Gene activity and protein synthesis |
The generic code - the cell's information storage system A gene contains all the information needed to code for a specific polypeptide (protein) Gene activation initiates with RNA polymerase binding to the gene Transcription is the formation of mRNA from DNA (DNA ---> mRNA) occurs in the nucleus mRNA carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Translation is the formation of a protein (mRNA ---> protein) : occurs at the ribosome |
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Permeability |
• The ease with which substances can cross the cell membrane • Nothing passes through an impermeable barrier • Anything can pass through a freely permeable barrier • Cell membranes are selectively permeable (semi-permeable) |
Movement across the cell membrane |
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Diffusion |
Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration (movement down the concentration gradient) Continues until concentration gradient is eliminated (until equilibrium is reached) |
No energy required |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to solute differences Osmotic pressure - the pressure created by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis. The more water moving across the membrane, the higher the osmotic pressure Hydrostatic pressure opposes osmotic pressure |
No energy required |
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Tonicity |
The effects of osmotic solutions on cells |
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Isotonic |
No net gain or loss of water in a cell Contain solute concentrations equal to that cell, no net movement of water into or out of the cell, no osmotic pressure
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Hypotonic |
Net gain of water into cell Contain less solutes than the cell, net movement of water into the cell |
Cells swell and burst
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Hypertonic |
Net water flow or of the cell Contain more solutes than the cell, net movement of water out of the cell |
Cells shrink and shrivel |
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Active transport |
Consumes ATP Independent of concentration gradients (movement is usually against the concentration gradient) •Types of active transport: >Ion pumps >Secondary active transport |
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Vesicular transport:
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Material moves into or out of cells in membranous vesicles
•Endocytosis ∆ Phagocytosis ∆ Pinocytosis ∆ Receptor mediated endocytosis (coated vesicles,) • Exocytosis |
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The transmembrane potential |
•Difference in electrical potential between inside and outside cell •Undisturbed cell has a resting potential |
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Glycolysis |
• anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm • 1 glucose oxidized into 2 pyruvic acids • 2 ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation • 2 NADH produced by reduction of NAD via oxidation of glucose • If no O2 available, pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid (fermentation) • Erythrocytes (RBCs) --> glycolysis only (no mitochondria) • Skeletal muscle --> fermentation when no O2 • Neurons and cardiac muscle cannot ferment, need O2 |
Cellular Respiration |
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Decarboxylation + Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle |
Occur in matrix of mitochondria Decarboxylation • 2 pyruvic acid decarboxylated and oxidized into: 2 acetyl Co A + 2 CO2 with 2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle • 2 acetyl combined with 2 oxaloacetic acids creating : 2 citric acids • citric acid decarboxylated and oxidized into: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 • 2 ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation |
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Electron Transport |
• aerobic, occurs on cristae of mitochondria • NADH AND FADH2 reduced during glycolysis and citric acid cycle are oxidized • electron are passed to cytochromes, finally accepted by oxygen • 32 ATP generated by chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation • 12 H2O produced as waste from oxidation of oxygen ∆ With oxygen, 1 glucose molecule will produce 36 ATP in most human cells ∆ Without oxygen, 1 glucose molecule will only produce 2 ATP in human tissue cells that are capable of fermentation (not neurons or cardiac muscle) Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot take place (oxygen is the electron acceptor) |
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Tissue |
Cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function |
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Histology |
Study of tissues |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Sheet of cells which lines a body cavity or covers a body surface |
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Functions of epithelial tissue |
• Protection • Absorption • Filtration • Excretion • Secretion • Sensory reception |
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Characteristics of epithelial tissue |
Cellularity Specialized contacts Polarity Avascular Regeneration |
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Classification of epithelial tissue |
Tissue given two names (1st name = number of cells layers, 2nd = describes cell shape Simple epithelia - make up a single layer Stratified epithelia - make up two or more stacked layers Squamous cells - flat and scale like (nucleus is disc shaped) Cuboidal cells - box-like (nucleus is spherical) Columnar cells - tall column shaped cells |
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Tissue Types |
Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified Columnar Stratified Squamous Stratified Columnar Transitional |
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Glandular Epithelia |
Gland - one or more cells which make and secrete an aqueous or lipid fluid Endocrine glands (ductless) - secrete product into the extra cellular space Exocrine glands - secrete product through ducts either out of the body (Mucus, swear, oil, apocrine, and salivary ) into G.I. tracts (Iiver, pancreas) Unicellular exocrine gland - goblet cells which produce mucin, a glycoprotein, which dissolves in water to form mucus |
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Connective tissue |
Extracellular matrix - nonliving matrix separates the living cells of the tissue allowing the tissue to bear weight and tension forces Collagen fibers - constructed of a white protein collagen, these fibers are for withstanding tensile forces and are stronger than steel fibers of the same diameter Elastic fibers - constructed of the yellow protein elastin, these fibers have the ability to stretch and recoil like rubber bands Reticular fibers - branched networks of collagen fibers that support blood vessels and organs |
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Fibroblast |
Connective tissue cell Mitotic division of this cell type produces collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers |
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Chondroblast |
Connective tissue cell Mitotic division of this cell type produces cartilage |
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Osteoblast |
Mitotic division of this cell type produces bone Connective tissue cell |
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell |
Mitotic division of this cell type produces blood Connective tissue cell |
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Areolar connective tissue |
Support and bind other fibers Hold body fluids Defend against infection |
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Adipose connective tissue |
Storage of fat Protection Insulator White adipose Brown adipose - found in babies to generate heat |
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Reticular connective tissue |
Constructed of only reticular fibers Provides framework for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow |
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Fibrous connective tissue (Dense Regular connective tissue) |
Tensile strength - bundles of collagen fibers with fibroblasts crowded between fibers forming tendons and ligaments
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Dense irregular connective tissue |
Bundles of collagen fibers which tend to be thicker and run in more than one plane to support tension from different directions The dermis is made of dense irregular connective tissue which gives it a durable leathery protective barrier |
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Bone |
Osseous tissue is rigid due to calcium salts added to the matrix Used to support and protect the body, store fat and calcium salts, synthesize blood cells Connective tissue |
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Cartilage |
Withstand tension and compression Connective tissue |
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Blood |
Fluid matrix called plasma Fibers of blood only visible during blood clotting Transported respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and others Connective tissue |
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Muscle tissue |
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
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Nervous tissue |
Neurons are the functional cells Neuroglia are supporting cells Communicates electrical messages throughout the body |
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Skin (Integrumentary) |
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis |
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Functions Of The Integrumentary System |
Protection - chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier Body temperature control: •Regulated by cooling and warming of dermal vessels • Sweat glands increase secretions to cool the body Cutaneous sensation - exoreceptors sense touch and pain Metabolic functions - synthesis of vitamin D in dermal vessels Blood reservoir - skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body's blood Excretion - limits amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat |
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Cells of Epidermis |
Keritanocytes Melanocytes Langerhans' cells - Macrophages that help activate the immune system Merkel cells - functions as rich receptors |
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Stratum Basale |
Deepest epidermal layer attached to dermis Consists of single row of keratinocytes |
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Stratum Spinosum |
(Prickly Layer) Cells contain a web-like system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes Melanin granules and Langerhans cells are abundant in this layer
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Stratum Granules |
Thin: 3 to 5 cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs |
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Stratum Lucidum |
Clear layer Thin: transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum Consists a few rows of flat, dead keritanocytes Present in only thick skin |
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Stratum Corneum |
Outermost layers of keratinized cells 3\4 of epidermal thickness Functions : Waterproofing Protection from abrasion and penetration |
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Papillary Layer of Dermis |
Areolar Connective tissue Superior surface contains peglike projections call dermal papillae |
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Reticular Layer of Dermis |
Approx. 80% of the thickness of skin |
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Hypodermis |
Layer deep to the skin Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue |
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Sweat glands |
Eccrine Glands Apocrine sweat glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Secrete an oily secretion carrier sebum Soften skin stimulated |
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3 types of cartilage |
Hyaline - found at the end of long bonesElastic - forms external earFibrocartilage - forms intervertebral discs and spongy cartilage |
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Peroxisomes |
Peroxisomes- spherical membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymesPeroxisomes carry enzymes that neutralize toxins |
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Contents of a Nucleus |
•Nuclear matrix•Nucleolus•Chromatin (long strands of DNA)•Chromosomes (condensed DNA bound around histones) |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Compounds to be transported bind to a receptor site on a carrier protein |
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Endocytosis |
Movement into the cell |
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Phagocytosis |
Engulfed particles (solids) |
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Pinocytosis |
Engulfed liquid |
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Exocytosis |
Ejection of materials from the cell |
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Function of Simple Squamous |
Simple squamous• Filtration• Gas exchange• Secretion (serous membrane) |
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Function of Simple cuboidal |
Simple cuboidal• Secretion • Absorption |
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Functions of Simple columnar |
Simple columnar • Absorption• Secretion of mucus and enzymes• Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells in uterus |
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Pseudostratified Columnar |
Pseudostratified columnar• Secretion of mucus (goblet)• Propulsion of mucus (ciliary action) |
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Stratified Squamous |
• Projects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion• Most linings -- mouth, esophagus, vagina ( non - keratinized)• Dry membrane - epidermis of skin (keratinized) |
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Stratified Columnar |
• Protection -male urethra• Secretion - pancreas |
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Transitional |
• Stretching |
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Cellularity |
Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells with little extra - cellular space |
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Specialized contacts |
Epithelial cells form sheets of tissue with several types of contact: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions |
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Polarity |
Apical surface 1. Brush border - microvilli increase surface area for absorption or secretion2. Cilia propel substances along free surface (smoking paralyzes)Basal surface Basement membrane (attachment surface)Avascular (cells nourished by diffusion)Regeneration (prevents entrance for bacteria or viruses) |
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