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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Real Lens |
A lens with a projectable image |
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Virtual Image |
An image that is not there, caused by "brain tricks" |
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Erect Image |
Right side up |
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Inverted Image |
Upside down |
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Chromatic Aberation |
An image that appears wrong, fixed by using 2 lenses (called achromatic doublet) |
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Fixing spherical abberation |
Using a spherical lens |
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Cylindrical lens |
*He passed this around* used to help reading |
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Rod Lens |
Takes a dot of light (like a laser) and turns it into a line |
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Powell Lens |
Turns a light source into a sheet of light |
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Projection Lens |
*passed 2 of these around* Movie theater lens, used to create wide screen or standard |
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Fresnel lens |
Thinner lens, creates less heat, "pocket magnifier" jagged lens |
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Digital Caliper technology |
Uses 2 diffraction gratings to read light bands, counting each dark one to determine length |
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Concave Mirror |
"Virtual" - magnifies an image |
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Convex Mirror |
"Virtual" - Diminishes an image |
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Bowl Mirror |
"Virtual" - Inverts an image |
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Mirror Aberrations |
Not subject to chromatic aberration, but is subject to spherical aberration |
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Spherical Mirrors |
Blank |
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Parabolic mirrors |
Blank |
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Mercury mirrors |
Most reflective liquid, allows for an extremely pure mirror, but is subject to gravity |
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Pentaprism |
Rotates and flips the image, used by cameras |
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Trihedral Prism |
Retro reflective prism, reflects back image/light |
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Di (tri) chloric prism |
Separates red, green, and blue, this is the most important prism |
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Beam splitter |
Can change ratios of light transmission, 50/50 = reflective |
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Optic Fiber |
Light guides - uses different modes, multi & single modes. Sensitive to touch. *story about VCR wire vibrated into an optic fiber cable, then vibrated into a photo sensor and then into a TV* HE PASSED AROUND SOME OPTIC FIBER |
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Fresnel Lens Example |
Kids toy from a happy meal with a book that had bowl mirrors on it using Fresnel lenses. |
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Spotlights |
In order to reduce light waste, they use a curved mirror inside and opposite a parabolic mirror |
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Car Headlamps |
Similar to a spotlight, "silver" half of the bulb. Also use ellipsoidal reflectors (polyp ellipsoidal - "high-end car"; sealed beam headlamps - " junk car" - uses Fresnel patches to redirect light; optic reflector - "midrange car" - complex, non parabolic mirror) |
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Lighthouses |
Used a stationary kerosene light, lens spins by a weight on a chain, now use LED most likely. |
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Movie Film Projector |
Uses a shutter to block light in between frames |
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Overhead (transparency) Projector |
Works similar to a file projector with light source below, sent through a lens and mirror |
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Computer Projector |
Crazy - uses DLP technology |
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DLP - Digital Light Processing |
Thousands of mirrors used. DMD - mems marvel - moves the mirrors, wobbles to control gray scale of colors. DLP color - 16.7 million colors, never get all 3 colors at the same time. 3DLP - trichlo-prism separates the 3 colors, giving 35 trillion colors. |
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LCD Projector |
liquid crystal, cheaper and less vibrant - uses transmission |
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LCoS Projector |
Liquid Crystal on Silicon - hybrid of DLP and LCD |
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HUD |
Heads Up Display - largely developed by the military, uses a double inversion mirror *Cadillac Deville uses a night vision HUD* |
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Human Eye |
Retinal image is upside down due to the fact that it has one lens, the brain processes and flips the image. Cillary Muscle - focuses the eye. Cornea. Pupil. Optic Nerve. Yellow spot and black spot |
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Photopic |
Cones - color perception and details, needs light Human eyes have 64% red cones, 32% green cones, 2% blue cones, *this is why nighttime instrumentation is usually red |
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Scotopic |
Rods - low light processing, perceives motion better Eyes are "all rods" and a small spot of cones Peripheral vision is better at night, * military-dont loom at things AF night* |
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Binocular Vision |
Used to determine distance, *blind spot detection game where the black dot disappears* |
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Human Vision Problems - Myopia |
Near-sighted |
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Human Vision Problems - Hypermatropia |
Far-sighted |
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Human Vision Problems - Presbiopia |
Elasticity of lens goes away - accommodation (range/focus) becomes shorter |
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Human Vision Problems - Astigmatism |
Spherical eyeball becomes football shaped |
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Vision Correction |
Roger Bacon was the 1st, but now thought to be pioneered by the Chinese. "Add lenses to fix problems" - spectacle lenses. |
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Bifocals |
Ben Franklin invented - bottom of lens different from the top |
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Progressives for eyeglasses |
Molding glass lens |
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Contact Lenses |
Da Vinci suggested, Adolf Fink developed glass ones, Otto Wichtorle made soft ones. Modern extended-wear contact lenses use silicone hydrogen which allow for moisture and breathing oxygen |
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Intacts |
Intra-corneal ring segments are surgically implanted between the inner and outer surfaces of the cornea |
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Lasik |
Cut a flap off the eye, laser the desired form, then form the flab back over. |
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Corneal Refractive Therapy |
Orthokeratology - Hard contact lens that you wear to bed that reshapes your eye |
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Retinal implant |
Chip implanted to replace retina; Silicon Eye Implant - no power source |
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Dog eyes |
- dog eyes are 97% rods - good for motion detection and night vision, however they have bad definition - dogs are "red-green" colorblind |
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Naturnal optical diversity |
- snakes can see heat vision - some bugs and birds can see into infrared range. - frogs can only see edges; good at motion detection - crustaceans have one light sensor (humans have 130 million) insects use a compound eye (talked about the movie "The Fly: |
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Insect Vision |
- "compound eye" - ommatidia - tiny hexagonal units containing small lenses - rhabdam - light sensing rod within ommatidia - ocellus - image processor |
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Photosynthesis |
- converting light energy into sugars - moisture + CO2 = Sugars + Oxygen |
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Biological solar cells |
MIT made solar cells out of spinach cells - goat story: brother in law got a goat to eat the grass so he wouldn't have to mow it; goat ended up eating the mobile home |
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photochemistry |
used to develop photos |
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Man-Made photodectors |
include photoresistors, photodiode, phototransistors, photovoltaics |
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photoresistors |
- change resistance when light is shined on them - not consistent, only good for dusk till dawn |
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photodiodes |
- one way cut off valve that gradually leaks electricity - accurate and repeatable |
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phototransistors |
when a certain amount of light hits it, it will switch |
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photovoltaics |
- converts light to electricity - created by Pearson, Chapin, and Fuller in 1950 - made of silicon, silicon is doped created p and n-type. they "hold hands". Then jump across and moves back, creating current - most photovoltaics can only convert red light efficiently, expensive ones can convert all light (mars rover)
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Charge Couple Devices |
- has millions of individual pixels, must put red, green, and blue color filters on them. - an 8 megapixel camera actually has 24 million pixels - in 2004, Delsa corporation made first camera with higher resolution than film - largest CCD = 2286 megapixels - CCD used to be square, now octagonal |
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Still Film camera (camera obscura) |
First created by Aristotle and Da Vinci; called the "entertainment room" - big room with small hole that displayed dim, inverted image - this lead to pinhole camera: small box with hole |
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Kodak-Browning Camera |
- created in 1900, cost of $1. - 1924 saw the introduction of 35 mm film |
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SLR Film Camera (Single Lens Reflex) |
- "what you see is what you get" - includes a penta-prism and a mirror. When you hit the shutter, mirror swings up and exposes image onto film. - becoming obsolete due to digital (DLSR). |
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Polaroid Camera |
- Created by Edwin Land in 1947. - essentially put all post-production process in back of camera - very expensive initially, poor quality, no negative to make copies of.
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Digital Still Camera |
- "point and shoot" - very portable, instant images, large capacity, but requires electricity. - poor or no zoom, no interchangeable lenses. - Digital zoom is inferior to optical zoom - being phased out by smart phones. |
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SLR Digital Camera |
- instead of using film, uses image sensor - full featured DLSR - night vision, video recording, view finder screen, interchangeable lenses - First DSLRs used floppy disks |
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Camcorder |
- made specifically for video. - used to use tape, then disks, then SD storage and dedicated HDD/SSD - also being phased out by smart phones
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Broadcast Quality TV Camera |
- old ones (pre 1980) used VIDICOM (vacuum tube technology). - Used VIDICOM in studio and CCD in the field. VIDICOM now obsolete.
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Digital Cinematography Cameras |
- Film used to be used for these cameras. - Star Wars Episode 2 was first ever movie shot completely digitally (2002) - Latest digital motion picture cameras shot in 4k.
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Holography |
- method of obtaining 3-dimensional image without contouring. - done by using light beam and interference beam. - good to prevent copying; used on credit cards, bank notes, data storage. |
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Television |
- created by John Baird and Vladimir Karma something (russian scientist). - old TV's used lines (500-600) to display image - HDTV now uses pixels; better refresh rate, definition, etc.
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CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) |
- was standard TV technology for a long time - Essentially a VIDICOM camera in reverse. - 4:3 ratio - Color CRT TVs - shot electrons at metal sheet; this created x-rays. These TVs were very heavy, fragile, power hungry. |
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HDTV |
- Used 16:9 ratio (1920x1080); this ratio based on the average of phi (1.618) and the standard movie ratio. - better refresh rate, better definition
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Golden Rectangle |
- a certain rectangle that humans "like" - has a ratio of 1.618, called phi. - Several different things in nature and mathematics (fibonacci sequence) based on this ratio. |
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Smart Phone Camera |
- Very good camera except for the optics - lens kits for smartphones can make up for these deficiencies. - Nokia Lumia in 2013 came out with 41 MP smart phone camera - Optical Zoom > Digital Zoom |
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Plasma Display |
- first thin replacement to CRT TVs Pros: - good viewing angle, good contrast ratio, very bright colors Cons: - have shiny glass screen; causes glare - creates burning image on to screen - high power demand - limited to 720p |
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How Plasma TVs work |
- phosphor vacuum tubes miniaturized on the screen
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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) |
- current king of display technology - gel type material which switches on/off for complete brightness/darkness |
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LCD pros and cons |
Pros: - not reflective - lightweight - capable of 1080p Cons: - not good contrast ratio (blacks are more grey) - inferior viewing angle - color not as good as plasma |
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AMOLED or OLED displays |
- Active Matrix organic light emitting diode - has vibrancy of plasma, lightweight of LCD, no backlight required, less power hundry. - AMOLED displays are bendable (Samsung Galaxy) - |
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Electrophoretic Display |
- E-ink, electronic paper - used on kindles. Very thin, no backlight required, uses almost no power
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How Electrophoretic Display works |
- use small transparent sphere filled with tiny black and white granulars. - you then send a change to attract black and repel white, or vice-versa |
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MIRASOL dislays |
- based on technology of butterfly wings. - uses a bunch of tiny mirrors to reflect light onto RGB (MEMs) - extremely power efficient - does not produce light, only reflects it; cannot be used at night |
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Wobulation Technology |
- created by HP - projects overlapping pixels to increase resolution |
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Jumbotron |
- big screen used at sporting events. - Made possible by invention of blue LED |
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Tri-color Laser Display |
- laser shows that create RGB images (mentioned stone mountain)
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Grating Light Valve (GLV) |
- Transmitting colors based on diffraction; all you need to do this is white light. |