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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Real Lens

A lens with a projectable image

Virtual Image

An image that is not there, caused by "brain tricks"

Erect Image

Right side up

Inverted Image

Upside down

Chromatic Aberation

An image that appears wrong, fixed by using 2 lenses (called achromatic doublet)

Fixing spherical abberation

Using a spherical lens

Cylindrical lens

*He passed this around* used to help reading

Rod Lens

Takes a dot of light (like a laser) and turns it into a line

Powell Lens

Turns a light source into a sheet of light

Projection Lens

*passed 2 of these around* Movie theater lens, used to create wide screen or standard

Fresnel lens

Thinner lens, creates less heat, "pocket magnifier" jagged lens

Digital Caliper technology

Uses 2 diffraction gratings to read light bands, counting each dark one to determine length

Concave Mirror

"Virtual" - magnifies an image

Convex Mirror

"Virtual" - Diminishes an image

Bowl Mirror

"Virtual" - Inverts an image

Mirror Aberrations

Not subject to chromatic aberration, but is subject to spherical aberration

Spherical Mirrors

Blank

Parabolic mirrors

Blank

Mercury mirrors

Most reflective liquid, allows for an extremely pure mirror, but is subject to gravity

Pentaprism

Rotates and flips the image, used by cameras

Trihedral Prism

Retro reflective prism, reflects back image/light

Di (tri) chloric prism

Separates red, green, and blue, this is the most important prism

Beam splitter

Can change ratios of light transmission, 50/50 = reflective

Optic Fiber

Light guides - uses different modes, multi & single modes. Sensitive to touch. *story about VCR wire vibrated into an optic fiber cable, then vibrated into a photo sensor and then into a TV* HE PASSED AROUND SOME OPTIC FIBER

Fresnel Lens Example

Kids toy from a happy meal with a book that had bowl mirrors on it using Fresnel lenses.

Spotlights

In order to reduce light waste, they use a curved mirror inside and opposite a parabolic mirror

Car Headlamps

Similar to a spotlight, "silver" half of the bulb. Also use ellipsoidal reflectors (polyp ellipsoidal - "high-end car"; sealed beam headlamps - " junk car" - uses Fresnel patches to redirect light; optic reflector - "midrange car" - complex, non parabolic mirror)

Lighthouses

Used a stationary kerosene light, lens spins by a weight on a chain, now use LED most likely.

Movie Film Projector

Uses a shutter to block light in between frames

Overhead (transparency) Projector

Works similar to a file projector with light source below, sent through a lens and mirror

Computer Projector

Crazy - uses DLP technology

DLP - Digital Light Processing

Thousands of mirrors used. DMD - mems marvel - moves the mirrors, wobbles to control gray scale of colors. DLP color - 16.7 million colors, never get all 3 colors at the same time. 3DLP - trichlo-prism separates the 3 colors, giving 35 trillion colors.

LCD Projector

liquid crystal, cheaper and less vibrant - uses transmission

LCoS Projector

Liquid Crystal on Silicon - hybrid of DLP and LCD

HUD

Heads Up Display - largely developed by the military, uses a double inversion mirror *Cadillac Deville uses a night vision HUD*

Human Eye

Retinal image is upside down due to the fact that it has one lens, the brain processes and flips the image. Cillary Muscle - focuses the eye. Cornea. Pupil. Optic Nerve. Yellow spot and black spot

Photopic

Cones - color perception and details, needs light


Human eyes have 64% red cones, 32% green cones, 2% blue cones, *this is why nighttime instrumentation is usually red

Scotopic

Rods - low light processing, perceives motion better


Eyes are "all rods" and a small spot of cones


Peripheral vision is better at night, * military-dont loom at things AF night*

Binocular Vision

Used to determine distance, *blind spot detection game where the black dot disappears*

Human Vision Problems - Myopia

Near-sighted

Human Vision Problems - Hypermatropia

Far-sighted

Human Vision Problems - Presbiopia

Elasticity of lens goes away - accommodation (range/focus) becomes shorter

Human Vision Problems - Astigmatism

Spherical eyeball becomes football shaped

Vision Correction

Roger Bacon was the 1st, but now thought to be pioneered by the Chinese. "Add lenses to fix problems" - spectacle lenses.

Bifocals

Ben Franklin invented - bottom of lens different from the top

Progressives for eyeglasses

Molding glass lens

Contact Lenses

Da Vinci suggested, Adolf Fink developed glass ones, Otto Wichtorle made soft ones.


Modern extended-wear contact lenses use silicone hydrogen which allow for moisture and breathing oxygen

Intacts

Intra-corneal ring segments are surgically implanted between the inner and outer surfaces of the cornea

Lasik

Cut a flap off the eye, laser the desired form, then form the flab back over.

Corneal Refractive Therapy

Orthokeratology - Hard contact lens that you wear to bed that reshapes your eye

Retinal implant

Chip implanted to replace retina;


Silicon Eye Implant - no power source

Dog eyes

- dog eyes are 97% rods


- good for motion detection and night vision, however they have bad definition


- dogs are "red-green" colorblind

Naturnal optical diversity

- snakes can see heat vision


- some bugs and birds can see into infrared range.


- frogs can only see edges; good at motion detection


- crustaceans have one light sensor (humans have 130 million)


insects use a compound eye (talked about the movie "The Fly:

Insect Vision

- "compound eye"


- ommatidia - tiny hexagonal units containing small lenses


- rhabdam - light sensing rod within ommatidia


- ocellus - image processor

Photosynthesis

- converting light energy into sugars


- moisture + CO2 = Sugars + Oxygen

Biological solar cells

MIT made solar cells out of spinach cells


- goat story: brother in law got a goat to eat the grass so he wouldn't have to mow it; goat ended up eating the mobile home

photochemistry

used to develop photos

Man-Made photodectors

include photoresistors, photodiode, phototransistors, photovoltaics

photoresistors

- change resistance when light is shined on them


- not consistent, only good for dusk till dawn

photodiodes

- one way cut off valve that gradually leaks electricity


- accurate and repeatable

phototransistors

when a certain amount of light hits it, it will switch

photovoltaics

- converts light to electricity


- created by Pearson, Chapin, and Fuller in 1950


- made of silicon, silicon is doped created p and n-type. they "hold hands". Then jump across and moves back, creating current


- most photovoltaics can only convert red light efficiently, expensive ones can convert all light (mars rover)


Charge Couple Devices

- has millions of individual pixels, must put red, green, and blue color filters on them.


- an 8 megapixel camera actually has 24 million pixels


- in 2004, Delsa corporation made first camera with higher resolution than film


- largest CCD = 2286 megapixels


- CCD used to be square, now octagonal

Still Film camera (camera obscura)

First created by Aristotle and Da Vinci; called the "entertainment room"


- big room with small hole that displayed dim, inverted image


- this lead to pinhole camera: small box with hole

Kodak-Browning Camera

- created in 1900, cost of $1.


- 1924 saw the introduction of 35 mm film

SLR Film Camera (Single Lens Reflex)

- "what you see is what you get"


- includes a penta-prism and a mirror. When you hit the shutter, mirror swings up and exposes image onto film.


- becoming obsolete due to digital (DLSR).

Polaroid Camera

- Created by Edwin Land in 1947.


- essentially put all post-production process in back of camera


- very expensive initially, poor quality, no negative to make copies of.


Digital Still Camera

- "point and shoot"


- very portable, instant images, large capacity, but requires electricity.


- poor or no zoom, no interchangeable lenses.


- Digital zoom is inferior to optical zoom


- being phased out by smart phones.

SLR Digital Camera

- instead of using film, uses image sensor


- full featured DLSR - night vision, video recording, view finder screen, interchangeable lenses


- First DSLRs used floppy disks

Camcorder

- made specifically for video.


- used to use tape, then disks, then SD storage and dedicated HDD/SSD


- also being phased out by smart phones


Broadcast Quality TV Camera

- old ones (pre 1980) used VIDICOM (vacuum tube technology).


- Used VIDICOM in studio and CCD in the field. VIDICOM now obsolete.


Digital Cinematography Cameras

- Film used to be used for these cameras.


- Star Wars Episode 2 was first ever movie shot completely digitally (2002)


- Latest digital motion picture cameras shot in 4k.


Holography

- method of obtaining 3-dimensional image without contouring.


- done by using light beam and interference beam.


- good to prevent copying; used on credit cards, bank notes, data storage.

Television

- created by John Baird and Vladimir Karma something (russian scientist).


- old TV's used lines (500-600) to display image


- HDTV now uses pixels; better refresh rate, definition, etc.


CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

- was standard TV technology for a long time


- Essentially a VIDICOM camera in reverse.


- 4:3 ratio


- Color CRT TVs


- shot electrons at metal sheet; this created x-rays. These TVs were very heavy, fragile, power hungry.

HDTV

- Used 16:9 ratio (1920x1080); this ratio based on the average of phi (1.618) and the standard movie ratio.


- better refresh rate, better definition


Golden Rectangle

- a certain rectangle that humans "like"


- has a ratio of 1.618, called phi.


- Several different things in nature and mathematics (fibonacci sequence) based on this ratio.

Smart Phone Camera

- Very good camera except for the optics


- lens kits for smartphones can make up for these deficiencies.


- Nokia Lumia in 2013 came out with 41 MP smart phone camera


- Optical Zoom > Digital Zoom

Plasma Display

- first thin replacement to CRT TVs


Pros:


- good viewing angle, good contrast ratio, very bright colors


Cons:


- have shiny glass screen; causes glare


- creates burning image on to screen


- high power demand


- limited to 720p

How Plasma TVs work

- phosphor vacuum tubes miniaturized on the screen


LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

- current king of display technology


- gel type material which switches on/off for complete brightness/darkness

LCD pros and cons

Pros:


- not reflective


- lightweight


- capable of 1080p


Cons:


- not good contrast ratio (blacks are more grey)


- inferior viewing angle


- color not as good as plasma

AMOLED or OLED displays

- Active Matrix organic light emitting diode


- has vibrancy of plasma, lightweight of LCD, no backlight required, less power hundry.


- AMOLED displays are bendable (Samsung Galaxy)


-

Electrophoretic Display

- E-ink, electronic paper


- used on kindles. Very thin, no backlight required, uses almost no power


How Electrophoretic Display works

- use small transparent sphere filled with tiny black and white granulars.


- you then send a change to attract black and repel white, or vice-versa

MIRASOL dislays

- based on technology of butterfly wings.


- uses a bunch of tiny mirrors to reflect light onto RGB (MEMs)


- extremely power efficient


- does not produce light, only reflects it; cannot be used at night

Wobulation Technology

- created by HP


- projects overlapping pixels to increase resolution

Jumbotron

- big screen used at sporting events.


- Made possible by invention of blue LED

Tri-color Laser Display

- laser shows that create RGB images (mentioned stone mountain)


Grating Light Valve (GLV)

- Transmitting colors based on diffraction; all you need to do this is white light.