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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. |
Aerobic respiration, a process that uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, a process that doesn't use oxygen, are two forms of cellular respiration. Although some cells may engage in just one type of respiration, most cells use both types, depending on an organism's needs. Cellular respiration also occurs outside of macro-organisms, as chemical processes — for example, in fermentation. In general, respiration is used to eliminate waste products and generate energy.
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Preserve foods by using salts and sugars works by:
A)raising pH. B)depleting nutrients. C)lowering osmotic pressure. D)creating a hypertonic environment. E)creating a hypotonic environment. |
D)creating a hypertonic environment.
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Which of the following methods will not sterilize?
A)500 mg/L ethylene oxide at 501/4 C for 4 hours B)aqueous glutaraldehyde for 10 hours C)dry heat at 1711/4 C for 1 to 2 hours D)1211/4 C at 15 lb/in pressure for 15 to 20 minutes E)1001/4 C boiling water for 30 minutes |
E)1001/4 C boiling water for 30 minutes
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Which of the following does not kill endospores? A)Autoclave B)Incineration C)Hot air sterilization D)Pasteurization E)All of these processes kill endospores. |
D)Pasteurization |
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Which of the following is best to sterilize heat labile solutions?
A)Dry heat B)Autoclave C)Membrane filtration D)Pasteurization E)None of these processes is useful for sterilizing heat labile solutions. |
C)Membrane filtration
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Which of the following is bactericidal? A)Membrane filtration B)Ionizing radiation C)Freeze-drying D)Deep freezing E)All of these processes kill bacteria. |
B)Ionizing radiation |
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Which of the following substances can sterilize? A)Alcohol B)Cetylpyridinium chloride C)Ethylene oxide D)Chlorine E)Silver nitrate |
C)Ethylene oxide
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Which of the following is not a disinfectant containing a heavy metal?
A)Silver nitrate B)Mercurochrome C)Merthiolate D)Copper sulfate E)Chlorine |
E)Chlorine
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Which of the following is most effective for sterilizing mattresses and plastic Petri plates?
A)Chlorine B)Ethylene oxide C)Glutaraldehyde D)Autoclave E)Ultraviolet radiation |
B)Ethylene oxide
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If a canning procedure is not properly followed, which type of microbe is most likely to grow in the canned food?
A)Obligate Aerobe B)Acidophile C)Microaerophile D)Mesophile E)Obligate Anaerobe |
E)Obligate Anaerobe
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A(n) ____ is used to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth on animal tissues.
A)bacteriostatic agent B)sterilant C)sanitizer D)disinfectant E)antiseptic |
E)antiseptic
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Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting microbial membranes?
A)Cationic detergents B)Halogens C)Heavy metals D)Aldehydes E)Sterilizing gases |
A)Cationic detergents
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Which of the following was the first widely used antiseptic and disinfectant?
A)Chlorine B)Phenol C)Iodine D)Alcohol E)Merthiolate |
B)Phenol
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All of the following are sporicidal except
A)glutaraldehyde B)ethylene oxide C)formaldehyde D)alcohol E)stabilized hydrogen peroxide |
D)alcohol
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Which of the following is/are true about enzymes
I. All enzymes are proteins. II. All proteins are enzymes. A)I only is true. B)II only is true. C)Both I and II are true. D)Neither I nor II are true. |
A)I only is true.
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In the following reaction, which component is being reduced?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy A)C6H12O6 B)O2 C)CO2 D)H2O E)energy |
B)O2
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In the following reaction, which component is being oxidized?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy A)C6H12O6 B)O2 C)CO2 D)H2O |
A)C6H12O6
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Denaturation of an enzyme refers to the:
A)proper arrangement of the enzyme in a metabolic pathway. B)improper arrangement of the enzyme in a metabolic pathway. C)loss of the enzyme's proper shape. D)formation of the enzyme's proper shape. E)formation of a new isozyme for that enzyme. |
D)formation of the enzyme's proper shape
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A yeast or fungal cell produces how many NET ATP molecules per molecule of glucose when completely oxidized?
A)1 B)2 C)4 D)36 E)38 |
D)36
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Which of the following is the best most complete definition of fermentation?
A)The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid. B)The oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors. C)The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2O. D)The production of energy by substrate-level phosphorylation. E)The production of ethyl alcohol from glucose. |
B)The oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors.
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In lactic acid fermentation the final electron acceptor would be:
A)oxygen. B)nitrate. C)pyruvate. D)glucose. E)acetyl-CoA. |
C)pyruvate.
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In anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor can be:
A)oxygen. B)nitrate. C)pyruvate. D)glucose. E)acetyl-CoA. |
B)nitrate |
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Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?
A)Anaerobic respiration is glycolysis. B)The final electron acceptors are different. C)Aerobic respiration requires the electron transport chain. D)Aerobic respiration gets electrons from the Krebs cycle. E)Aerobic respiration produces less ATP. |
B)The final electron acceptors are different.
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Which one of the following is not produced in any of the steps of glycolysis?
A)NAD+ B)NADH C)ADP D)ATP E)pyruvic acid |
A)NAD+
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The enzymes for glycolysis are located
A)on the inner surface of the cell membrane. B)in the cytoplasm. C)on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. D)on the outer membrane of the chloroplast. E)in the Golgi apparatus. |
B)in the cytoplasm.
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The enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle are found in which subcellular organelle of eukaryotes?
A)chloroplast B)ribosome C)lysosome D)mitochondrion E)endoplasmic reticulum |
D)mitochondrion
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Which one of the following is produced in the greatest numbers during one "turn" of the Krebs cycle?
A)NADH B)acetyl-CoA C)FADH2 D)carbon dioxide E)ATP |
C)FADH2
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In cellular metabolism, O2 is used:
A)to provide electrons for photophosphorylation. B)in glycolysis. C)in fermentation. D)as a terminal electron acceptor. E)in the Krebs cycle. |
D)as a terminal electron acceptor
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Which of the following is accomplished in chemiosmosis?
A)the oxidation of ATP B)the oxidation of water C)the oxidation of NADH D)the oxidation of H+ E)the oxidation of CO2 |
C)the oxidation of NADH
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The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is
A)CoQ. B)a cytochrome. C)FMN. D)oxygen. E)carbon dioxide. |
D)oxygen.
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In glycolysis ATP is created by:
A)oxidative phosphorylation. B)photophosphorylation. C)the chemiosmotic mechanism. D)substrate level phosphorylation. E)the pentose phosphate pathway. |
D)substrate level phosphorylation
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The flow of genetic material in microbial cells usually proceeds from:
A)Proteins through RNA to DNA B)RNA through DNA to proteins C)DNA through RNA to proteins |
C)DNA through RNA to proteins
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A new copy of a DNA molecule is precisely synthesized during a process called
A)translation B)transcription C)replication |
C)replication
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The final step in gene expression is protein synthesis, or
A)translation B)transcription C)replication |
A)translation
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The chromosome of almost all bacteria is in the shape of
A)an open circle B)a closed circle C)a linear chromosome |
B)a closed circle
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The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA is called:
A)helicase B)DNA gyrase C)DNA polymerase |
C)DNA polymerase
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The actual process of protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes that serve as workbenches, with _____________ acting as the blueprint or template.
A)DNA B)mRNA C)tRNA |
B)mRNA
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The bases of one strand of DNA match-up with the bases of the second strand according to base pairing rules, therefore, the two strands are said to be:
A)oppositely charged B)complementary C)identical |
B)complementary
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Eukaryotes are able to replicate their chromosomes in a relatively short period of time because:
A)each chromosome contains multiple replicons B)the eukaryotic replicative machinery is 1000 times faster than the prokaryotic replicative machinery C)eukaryotic DNA is always single stranded |
A)each chromosome contains multiple replicons
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Another name for the three stop codons which aid in termination of translation is:
A)nonsense codons B)missense codons C)pause codons |
A)nonsense codons
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The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template is:
A)DNA gyrase B)DNA ligase C)RNA polymerase |
C)RNA polymerase
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Another name for the RNA polymerase recognition/binding site upstream of a gene is the:
A)promoter B)terminator C)facilitator |
A)promoter
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Mutations may be characterized by:
A)changes in genotype B)changes in phenotype C)changes in either genotype or phenotype |
C)changes in either genotype or phenotype
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Mutations that arise without exposure to external agents are called:
A)induced mutations B)analogous mutations C)spontaneous mutations |
C)spontaneous mutations
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The transfer of genetic material between bacteria in direct physical contact is called:
A)conjugation B)transformation C)transduction |
A)conjugation
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The transfer of a naked fragment of DNA between bacteria is called:
A)conjugation B)transformation C)transduction |
B)transformation
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The transport of bacterial DNA to other bacteria via bacteriaphages is called:
A)conjugation B)transformation C)transduction |
C)transduction
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Horizontal transfer can best be described as:
A)the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring B)the transmission of genetic information from one independent, mature organism to another C)the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template |
B)the transmission of genetic information from one independent, mature organism to another
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Plasmids can best be described as:
A)small, circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of chromosomes commonly found in bacteria B)a complex membrane structure that covers the chromosome of bacteria C)another name for a chloroplast |
A)small, circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of chromosomes commonly found in bacteria
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This type of plasmid makes the host more pathogenic:
A)metabolic plasmid B)virulence plasmid C)F factors |
B)virulence plasmid
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Interrupted mating experiments are used to determine what information?
A)DNA nucleotide sequences B)levels of DNA homology C)bacterial genome maps |
C)bacterial genome maps
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Recombination of virus genomes occurs:
A)by transformation B)by transduction C)when two viruses with homologous chromosomes infect a host cell simultaneously |
C)when two viruses with homologous chromosomes infect a host cell simultaneously
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What happens during amino acid activation?
A)a methyl group is attached to an amino acid B)an amino acid is bound to mRNA C)an amino acid is bound to tRNA |
C)an amino acid is bound to tRNA
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Which part of translation involves the addition of amino acids to an existing polypeptide chain?
A)initiation B)elongation C)termination |
B)elongation
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A molecule of RNA that is complementary to a segment of another RNA molecule to which it will bind is called:
A)antisense RNA B)missense RNA C)nonsense RNA |
A)antisense RNA
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Plasmids frequently carry virulence factors. True or False? |
True. Such as antibiotic resistant genes or toxins. They can also be transferred between bacteria. |
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_____ take up DNA from their environment, usually from a dead cell. A) Transformation B) Conjugation C) Transduction D) Engulfing |
A) Transformation |
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Transfer of DNA between bacteria; mediated by viruses called bacteriophages is called _________. |
Transduction |
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During glycolysis, ____ is oxidized to pyruvate and NAD is reduced to ______. A) CO2, ATP B) Glucose, NADH C) NADH, Glucose D) ATP, CO2 |
B) Glucose, NADH |
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The first major step in cellular respiration, called Glycolysis, occurs in _______ in all domains. A) Golgi Apparatus B) Nucleus C) Mitochondrial matrix D) Cytoplasm E) Inner membrane |
D) Cytoplasm |
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During the second major step in cellular respiration, Aka the CAC, ____ is oxidized to carbon dioxide and ____ is reduced to NADH. A) NAD, Pyruvate B) O2, ATP C) Pyruvate, NAD D) FAD, ATP |
C) Pyruvate, NAD |
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Antisepsis |
Disinfection of body surfaces |
