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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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It supports the body, cradles the soft organs, and protects vital organs allows movement and stores minerals
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What minerals are stored in bones?
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calcium and phosphate
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What is the technical name for blood cell formation?
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hematopoiesis
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All bones begin as _______?
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cartilage and fibrous membranes
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What surrounds cartilage and resists compression?
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The perichondrium which is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
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How does the perichondrium help cartilage obtain nutrients?
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It contains blood vessels which nutrients diffuse into cartilage cells through the matrix
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What is the generalized name for cell in lacunae in cartilage?
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chondrocytes
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What type of cartilage is found on the ends of bones and the tip of the nose? What are other examples of this cartilage?
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Hyaline; costal cartilidge
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Where would you find elastic cartilage in the body?
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the external ear and epiglottis
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Where would you find fibrocartilage in the body?
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between the discs in the vertebrae
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What type of cartilage growth increases thickness and involves cells forming directly under the perichondrium?
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appositional growth
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What is interstitial growth?
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lucunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within
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When does skeletal cartilage stop growing?
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Typically cartilage growth stops growing during adolescence
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What happens to cartilage during old age?
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a process called calcification
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Know the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
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Axial- forms the long axis includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage and sternum
Appendicular- upper and lower limbs and and girdles, |
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What type of bone has two ends, a shaft, and is longer than wide?
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Long bones
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What type of bone is a phalanx?
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Long bone
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What is an example of a short bone?
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carsals and tarsals
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What is the special name for a short bone that grows in a tendon?
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Sesamoid bones
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What type of bone is roughly the same in length as it is in width?
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short bones
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What type of bone is thin, flat, and usually curved?
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flat bones
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The bones of your skull are an example of what bone type?
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flat bones
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Hip bones are an example of what bone type?
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irregular bones
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What part of a long bone is composed of compact bone, surrounding a medullary cavity?
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diaphysis
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What is the technical name for the ends of long bones?
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Epiphysis
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What makes up the inner portion of epiphysis?
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spongy bone covered by an outer layer of compact bone
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What is the technical name for the border between the diaphysis and an epiphysis?
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epiphyseal line
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Which of the three major parts of a long bone, is where longitudinal growth takes place?
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The epiphysis/epiphyseal plate
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What is the white, double layered membrane on the external surface of bones?
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Periosteum
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True or False. The periosteum covers all external areas of every long bone.
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True
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The outer layer of the periosteum is made of _________ tissue.
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dense irregular tissue
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What does the inner layer of the periosteum contain?
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Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
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True or False. The periosteum contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.
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True
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How do the blood vessels enter the bone?
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The nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina.
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The endosteum covers what part(s) of the bone?
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The endosteum is a delicate membrane on the internal surface of the bone (everything on the inside)
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True or False. The endosteum is a double layered membrane.
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False. The endosteum is a single layered membrane.
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How do flat bones differ from long bones, in terms of structure (not shape)?
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Flat bones have a similar structure as long bones but they do not have a medulaary cavity.
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How do short bones differ from long bones in terms of structure (not shape)?
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Short bones have a similar structure as long bones but they do not have a medullary cavity.
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What type of marrow is an active site of hematopoiesis?
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Red marrow.
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What happens to red marrow with age?
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Red marrow converts to yellow marrow with age.
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Red marrow is found in bone?
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Spongy bone
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What is the major function of yellow marrow?
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Yellow marrow is fat and is used as fat storage.
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Where is yellow marrow found?
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In adults yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity.
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What is the function of osteoclasts?
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Osteoclasts are cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix.
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What cells builds/forms bone?
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Osteoblasts build/form bones
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What type of cells are stem cells that can become osteoblasts (can you see a nasty true/false question I can tuen this into?
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Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts.
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What type of cells are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix?
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Osteocytes are mature bone cells the maintain the bone matrix.
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What is the major structural unit of compact bone?
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The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon.
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Osteons are made up of , hollow tubes.
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Osteons are made up of lamellae.
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True or False. Osteons run perpendicular to the long axis of long bones.
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False. Perforating or Volkmann's canals run perpendicular to the long axis.
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What part of an osteon contains blood vessels and nerves?
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The central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves
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What are perforating canals?
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They lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply.
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What is the empty area of compact bone that houses osteocytes?
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Osteocytes occupy lacunae at the junctions of the lamallae.
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What small tubes connect the lacunae to each other?
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The are connected by hair-like channels called canaliculi.
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True or False. Spongy bone contains osteons.
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False. Spongey bones do not contain osteons.
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Where is spongy bone found?
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Spongy bone is found in deeper areas and is poorly organized.
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Spongy bone is an intricate network of .
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Spongy bone is a loose intricate network of trabeculae.
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Where do osteocytes (or marrow) reside in spongy bone?
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They reside in the trabeculae.
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What are the two organic components that we learned are in bone?
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The two organic components are the osteogenic cells and the osetiod.
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What is the organic portion of the bone matrix, that is composed of ground substance and collagen fibers
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The is the organic portion of the bone matrix.
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What is the technical term for the mineral salts that make up the inorganic component of bone?
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Hydroxyapitites is the technical term for mineral salts that make up the inorganic component.
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What substance makes bone hard?
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Calcium phosphate crystals are responsible for hardness which are the mineral salts of the hydroxyapitites.
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What are the most common hydroxyapitites in the body?
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Calcium and Phosphate
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What is the term for the process of bone formation?
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Osteogenesis or ossification is the term for bone fomation.
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True or False. Bone is made by replacing other connective tissue.
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True.
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What type of bone development makes the skull and clavicles, and develops from a fibrous membrane?
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Intramembranous ossification forms from a fibrous membrane.
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What type of bone development produces bone from preexisiting catilage?
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Endochondral ossification.
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What type of bone development produces most of the bones in humans?
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Endochondral ossification
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Which type of bone development allows for greater bone growth?
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endochondral ossification
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What type of bone development allows for bone to grow longer?
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endochondral
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When a bone grows larger, where does that growth occur?
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epiphyseal plate
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What happened to the epiphyseal plate over time?
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The epiphyseal plate overtime is replaces by bone
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When does longitudinal bone growth tend to stop in humans?
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In humans longitudinal bone growth tends to stop duruing adolescene.
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True or False. Bone width stops growing at the end of puberty.
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False. Bone width can always grow.
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How often is spongy bone replaced in the body?
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Spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years.
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What type of bone is replaced about every 10 years in the body?
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Compact bone is replaced every 10 years.
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True or False. In a healthy adult, bone creation greatly occurs more than bone destruction.
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False. Bone deposition (osteoblasts) and bone breakdown (osteoclasts) occur at the same rate so total bone mass remains constant.
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What bone cell type secretes osteoid?
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Osteoblasts
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What bone cell type degrades old bone, and releases the products to the cardiovascular system?
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Osteoclasts
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What bone cell type is a macrophage?
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Osteoclasts
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How does a bone grow when new bone matrix is placed over surface of old bone?
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A bone would grow wider.
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True or False. The perisoteum is involved with bones growing wider?
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Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external bone surface.
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What would cause a bone to grow wider?
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If you are right hand or left hand dominant this may cause your bone to grow wider for greater support.
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True or False bone width stops growing at puberty?
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False. Bone width does not stop at puberty.
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What should blood calcium levels be in healthy adults?
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9-11mg per 100ml of blood.
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What hormone is released when calcium levels are low and casues calcium to be removed from bone?
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The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone when calcium levels are low.
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If more parathyroid hormone is released, what would the resulting affect be on the blood calcium level?
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When more PTH is released it causes the blood calcium levels to raise.
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If less parathyroid hormone is released, what would the resulting affect be on the blood calcium level?
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If less PTH is released it causes the blood calcium to decrease or stay the same.
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If more parathyroid hormone is released, what would the resulting affect be on bone density?
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It would cause bones to become brittle and weak.
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If less parathyroid hormone is released, what would the resulting affect be on bone density?
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It would have an opposite affect on bone density.
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Calcitonin is produced by the gland.
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Thyroid gland
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Calcitonin is produced when the blood calcium level is ?
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Calcitonin is produced when the blood calcium levels are too high.
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True or False. Releasing more calcitonin will cause less calcium to be deposited in bone.
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False. Releasing more calcitonin will cause more calcium to be deposited in bone.
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Of the hormones that we learned, which one would increase bone strength if more were released?
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Calcitonin would cause more bone strength.
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True or False. Calcitonin plays a major role in the human body for its entire life>
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False. Calcitonin does not play a major role for adults.
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What is Wolff's law?
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A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it.
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A tennis player that has thicker bones in his serving arm, when compared to his non serving arm is an example of ?
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Wolff's law.
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What is the usual cause of a fracture in n elderly person?
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The usual cause of a fracture in an elderly person is the loss of bone density or low bone density.
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What is the usual cause of a fracture in a younger person?
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The usual cause of a fracture in a younger person is unusual trauma.
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What type of fracture results in bone ends that stayed in their normal position? If out of alignment?
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If bone ends stay in their normal position then it is considered nondisplaced. If bone ends are out of alignment then it is considered displaced.
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What type of fracture results in a break that is all the way through the bone?
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A fracture that results in a break all the way through the bone is considered a complete fracture.
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True or False. An incomplete fracture does not break all the way across the bone.
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True. An incomplete fracture breaks only partially across the bone.
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What is the name of a fracture that is perpendicular to the long axis of a bone? (if parallel to long axis)
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The name a fracture that is perpendicular to the long axis is transverse and parallel is called linear.
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What type of fracture results in bone ends that do not penetrate the skin?
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A compound or open fracture results.
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True or False. Compound fractures are when a break results in several pieces.
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False. A compound fracture is when the bone ends penetrate the skin.
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What type of fracture results in 3-4 bone fragments?
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A comminuted fracture.
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A compression fracture is when a bone is ?
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crushed
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What happens to a bone when a spiral fracture occurs?
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A ragged break occurs when excessive forces are applied
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An epiphyseal fracture is a break that occurs along the .
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epiphyseal plate
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What type of fracture results in a bone being depressed inwards?
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A depressed fracture.
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What is a greenstick fracture?
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The bone breaks incompletely. Only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends.
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True or False. Fractures are treated by reduction.
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True. Fractures are treated by reduction which is the realignment of broken bone ends.
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What is the term relating to the realignment of broken bone ends?
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Reduction is the term.
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What is the difference between open and closed reduction?
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Closed reduction is external and done by the hands of the physician, open reduction is internal where the bone ends are secured by surgery.
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What are the 4 steps of bone repair?
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1. Hematoma formation, 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus (soft callus) forms, 3. Bony callus formation, 4. Bone remodeling
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How might a hematoma form in the area of a fracture?
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A mass of clotted blood forms as the site of the fracture because torn blood vessels hemorrhage.
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What must be formed before a bony callus can be formed in its place?
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A fibrocatilaginous callus must be formed.
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True or False. When a fracture occurs, a bone callus will convert the fibrocartilaginous callus to compact bone?
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False. The bone callus will convert the fibrocartilaginous callus to spongy bone.
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During what phase of bone repair is compact bone laid down?
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Compact bone is laid done during the remodeling phase and spongy bone is laid done during the bony callus phase.
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What bone disease is the softening of bone due to calcium not being deposited?
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Osteomalacia is a disease where calcium is not being deposited.
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What are the results of Osteomalacia?
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The softening of bones is the result of Osteomalacia.
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What can cause Rickets in children?
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Calcium is not being deposited, which can cause Rickets.
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Rickets is a form of that occurs in children.
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Osteomalacia
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What is Osteoporosis?
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Osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass due to the fact that bone resorption outpaces deposit
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True or False. Compact bone is most affected by Osteoporosis?
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False. Spongy bone of spind and neck of femur are most susceptible.
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What are some factors that would increase the risk of Osteoporosis?
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Age, postmenopause, bad diet, lack of exercise, smoking, petite body form, calcium or vitamin D diffiancy
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What bone disease is characterized by excessive breaking down of bone, along with bone building being abnormal?
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Paget's Disease
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Pagetic bone is mostly bone.
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spongy bone.
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What happens to people with Paget's disease as they age?
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The bone becomes increasingly deformed and painful.
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