Exam 2: Blood

Front 1

What is blood?

Back 1

A fluid connective tissue that circulates through cardiovascular system

Front 2

What is blood made of?

Back 2

1. Cells
2. Extracellular components (plasma)

Front 3

What makes up the most of blood's volume?

Back 3

Plasma

Front 4

What is an adult's normal blood volume?

Back 4

6-7L

Front 5

What percentage of an adult's total body weight is blood?

Back 5

7-8%

Front 6

How is blood circulated to all the tissues of the body?

Back 6

By the heart

Front 7

What are the general functions of blood (5)?

Back 7

1. Transport NUTRIENTS and O2 to cells
2. Transport WASTE and CO2 away from cells.
3. Delivery SIGNALING and REGULATORY molecules to and from cells and tissues.
4. Maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS (acts as buffer, coagulation, thermoregulation)
5. Transport of cells of IMMUNE SYSTEM that protect body from pathogenic agents, foreign proteins and transformed cells (cancer)

Front 8

How does the blood regulate homeostasis?

Back 8

1. Acts as a buffer
2. Coagulation
3. Thermoregulation

Front 9

What do the immune cells in the blood protect the body from?

Back 9

1. Pathogenic agents
2. Foreign proteins
3. Transformed cells (cancer)

Front 10

What are the different blood cell types?

Back 10

1. Erythrocytes-RBCs
2. Leukocytes-WBCs
3. Thrombocytes-Plasma

Front 11

What is the protein-rich fluid in blood?

Back 11

plasma

Front 12

List the different types of leukocytes.

Back 12

1. Neutrophils (most common)
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Lymphocytes
5. Monocytes

Front 13

What is the breakdown (by %) of blood?

Back 13

55% plasma, <1% WBCs, <1% platelets, 45% RBCs

Front 14

What is the liquid extracellular material that imparts fluid properties of blood?

Back 14

plasma

Front 15

When is plasma obtained? What color is it?

Back 15

When whole blood is centrifuged (on top); translucent, yellow

Front 16

What is serum?

Back 16

Blood plasma minus clotting factors

Front 17

What is hematocrit?

Back 17

volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood (40-50%)

Front 18

What characteristic is obvious in anemic patients?

Back 18

Low hematocrit values--reduction in number of circulating RBCs

Front 19

What is caused by high hematocrit?

Back 19

Hypercoagulation of platelets; however, this is normal in higher altitudes

Front 20

What is a buffy coat?

Back 20

WBCs less dense, RBCs more dense, platelets on top of WBCs

Front 21

How much of the plasma is made of water?

Back 21

90%

Front 22

What does the water in plasma do?

Back 22

It is a solvent for proteins, dissolved gases, regulatory substances, and waste material in blood.

Front 23

What do plasma solutes do?

Back 23

Maintain homeostasis with optimal pH and osmolarity for cellular metabolism and vitality

Front 24

What is the breakdown (%) of plasma?

Back 24

90% water and 10% protein (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) and solutes

Front 25

What are the different types of solutes? (Give examples of each.)

Back 25

1. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+)
2. Nonprotein nitrogen (urea, ammonium salts)
3. Nutrients (Glucose, FFA?, AA)
4. Blood gases (O2, CO2, N2)
5. Regulatory substances (hormones like adiponectin)

Front 26

What is the difference between PPP and PRP?

Back 26

1. Protein Poor Plasma-centrifuged at higher g force for a long time, platelets pulled down to pellet
2. Protein Rich Plasma-centrifuged gently, platelets not pulled down

Front 27

What are the blood gases? What is their function?

Back 27

1. CO2, O2, metabolites and hormones
2. Allow communication between distant organs

Front 28

What is O2 bound to v. what CO2 is bound to?

Back 28

1. O2-hemoglobin of RBCs
2. CO2-hemoglobin OR free CO2 or HCO2

Front 29

The extracellular composition of proteins is similar to what?

Back 29

Plasma composition

Front 30

Protein of plasma are in equilibrium with what?

Back 30

Interstitial (tissue) fluid through capillaries

Front 31

What are the main proteins of plasma?

Back 31

1. Albumin (70%)-secreted by liver
2. Globulins-include IgG and non-immune globulin secreted from liver
3. Coagulation proteins-prothrombin and fibrinogen, vWF

Front 32

What is the most well-known type of albumin in the blood?

Back 32

serum albumin

Front 33

What is the most abundant blood plasma protein? Where is it produced?

Back 33

1. serum albumin
2. produced in the liver, forms a large proportion of all plasma protein

Front 34

Why are serum albumins important in regulating blood volume?

Back 34

They maintain osmotic pressure of the blood compartment.

Front 35

What is a secondary function of serum albumin?

Back 35

to serve as carriers for molecules of low water solubility (i.e., lipid soluble hormones, bile salts, bilirubin, free fatty acids (apoprotein), calcium, iron (transferrin), and some drugs)

Front 36

What are examples of molecules of low water solubility?

Back 36

1. Lipid soluble hormones
2. bile salts
3. bilirubin
4. free fatty acids (apoproteins)
5. calcium
6. iron (transferrin)
7. some drugs

Front 37

Why may cause hypalbuminaemia (low albumin)?

Back 37

Liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, burns, protein-losing, enteropathy, malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy

Front 38

What almost always causes high albumin?

Back 38

dehydration

Front 39

What is the normal range of human serum albumin in adults (>3 years old)?

Back 39

3.5-5.0g/dL

Front 40

What is Wright's stain? What are the components?

Back 40

1. a stain used to view blood smears
2. eosin (red, acidic)
3. methylene blue (blue, basic)

Front 41

How are blood cells usually viewed?

Back 41

They are studied in smears by spreading thin layer of blood on slide and visualized by using a stain.

Front 42

List 7 characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs).

Back 42

1. Anucleate, packed with hemoglobin
2. 7.5um diameter
3. Biconcave discs
4. Life span of 120 days
5. Extremely deformable

Front 43

List characteristic of RBCs and why it's important.

Back 43

1. Anucleate-so it can be packed with hemoglobin
2. Biconcave discs-this shape maximizes cell's SA for gas exchange
3. 120 day lifespan-phagocytosed by macrophages in spleen, bone marrow, liver
4. Extremely deformable-important as they move through tiny capillaries

Front 44

How does an anemic person's blood compare to a normal person's blood?

Back 44

Anemic-decreased cell number

Front 45

What is polycythemia and what can it do?

Back 45

1. Increased volume occupied by RBCs
2. Can impair circulation

Front 46

What is hemoglobin?

Back 46

a 68 kDa protein

Front 47

Why is meat red?

Back 47

because myoglobin binds to O2 in straited muscle

Front 48

Hemoglobin is highly enriched with what? why?

Back 48

1. RBC at the surface of plasma membrane
2. so gas has the smallest distance to diffuse efficiently

Front 49

How does the disk shape of RBC facilitate gas exchange?

Back 49

Hemoglobin molecules are closer to the plasma membrane than they would be in a spherical cell

Front 50

About how many hemoglobin molecules are contained in one red blood cell?

Back 50

Several hundred molecules of hemoglobin

Front 51

How is hemoglobin involved in gas exchange?

Back 51

Oxygen binds to heme on the hemoglobin molecule

Front 52

What causes sickle cell disease?

Back 52

inherited alteration in DNA or hemoglobin

Front 53

What is the abnormal gene found in sickle cell disease?

Back 53

HbS-abnormal gene in Sickle cell disease (Normal-HbA)

Front 54

What causes hemoglobin to become abnormal in sickle cell disease?

Back 54

when deoxygenated HbS gives the cell a sicke shape due to polymerization of Hb

Front 55

What are the effects of sickle cell disease?

Back 55

1. Shortens lifespan
2. Leads to anemia (or reduced ability of RBC to carry O2 to tissues)
3. Slows or stops blood flow
4. Leads to severe O2 shortage

Front 56

What are the two types of WBCs?

Back 56

1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes

Front 57

What is the most common type of granulocyte?

Back 57

Neutrophil (50-70%)

Front 58

What is the most common type of agranulocyte?

Back 58

Lymphocytes (20-40%)

Front 59

What is the least common type of WBC?

Back 59

Basophil (>1%)

Front 60

How is cell debris post-apoptosis removed?

Back 60

Macrophages

Front 61

What are the two types of granules?

Back 61

1. Specific-bind neutral, basic or acidic dyes, have SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
2. azurophilic-lysosomes, which stain purple

Front 62

What are characteristics of granulocytes?

Back 62

1. Have nuclei with 2 or more lobes
2. Nondividing terminal cells die (apoptosis in CT)
3. cell debris removed by macrophages

Front 63

What are characteristics of agranulocytes?

Back 63

1. No specific granules; do have azurophilic (lysosomal) granules
2. Nucleus is round or indented
3. All leukocytes function in defense of organism against foreign material
4. Migrate to tissues via diapedesis

Front 64

What is diapedesis?

Back 64

Migration to tissues

Front 65

What is the percentage of neutrophils in the blood of all WBCs?

Back 65

60-70%

Front 66

Describe characteristics of neutrophils.

Back 66

1. Most common leukocyte
2. Multi-lobed nucleus (usually 3) linked by fine threads of chromatin
3. Can survive in anaerobic environment
4. Essential for killing microbes in inflamed tissue
5. Short-lived (6-7 hours in blood; 1-4 days in tissue)
6. Active phagocytes

Front 67

What is the main function of neutrophils?

Back 67

Active phagocytes, essential for killing microbes in inflamed tissue

Front 68

What are the important properties of neutrophils?

Back 68

1. Highly motile
2. chemotaxis
3. involved in injury
4. buildup forms pus
5. secrete IL-1 (pyrogen)

Front 69

What happens when a neutrophil goes to a site of injury?

Back 69

1. Neutrophil recognizes bacteria or foreign material
2. Antigen is engulfed by pseudopods of the neutrophil and internalized into a phagosome
3. After digestion, the material is stored or exocytosed
4. Most neutrophils die during this process

Front 70

What is chemotaxis?

Back 70

The binding of chemoattractant molecules and extracellular matrix proteins to specific receptors on the surface of neutrophils

Front 71

Why were eosinophils given their name?

Back 71

Named for their large, eosinophilic refractile granules in their cytoplasm

Front 72

List characteristics of eosinophils.

Back 72

1. Nuclei are bilobed.
2. involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation
3. Found in large numbers of the lamina propia of intestinal tract and other chronic inflammation points
4. Major basic protein

Front 73

What is a major basic protein (MBP)?

Back 73

Function in killing of parasitic worms

Front 74

How do eosinophils act in allergic reaction?

Back 74

1. They release arylsulfatase and histaminase
2. They help to moderate the potentially deleterious effects of inflammatory vasoactive agents

Front 75

Constitute less than 1% of blood leukocytes, least abundant

Back 75

Basophils

Front 76

What is the WBC most difficult to find in a smear?

Back 76

Basophils

Front 77

List characteristics of basophils.

Back 77

1. Nucleus divided into irregular lobes (however, overlying specific granules obscure divisions)
2. Metachromatic specific granules
3. supplement mast cells in allergic reactions
4. contain heparin and histamine (like mast cells)
5. Responsible for severe disturbances associated with hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis

Front 78

What is the main functional cell of the lymphatic/immune system?

Back 78

lymphocytes

Front 79

What is the most common agranulocyte?

Back 79

lymphocyte (30% of total blood leukocytes)

Front 80

List characteristics of lymphocytes.

Back 80

1. spherical nucleus, sometimes with an indentation (horse-shoe shaped)
2. condensed chromatin due to intensely stained nucleus
3. cytoplasm forms thin "halo" or rim around nucleus
4. Life span: from a few days to years
5. Returns from tissues back to blood

Front 81

What is very unique about origins of lymphocytes?

Back 81

The only blood cell to return from tissues back to blood

Front 82

What are the precursors of the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system?

Back 82

monocytes

Front 83

What are the largest WBCs in a blood smear?

Back 83

Monocytes

Front 84

List characteristics of monocytes.

Back 84

1. remain in the blood for a short period of time, 3 days
2. transforms into a tissue macrophage

Front 85

What is an monocyte/macrophage?

Back 85

An antigen presenting cell that plays an important role in immune responses by presenting fragments

Front 86

What is the role of monocytes in inflammation?

Back 86

1. The monocyte leaves the blood vessel at the site of inflammation
2. Transforms into a tissue macrophage where it phagocytoses bacteria or other tissue debris

Front 87

What are characteristics of monocyte nucleus?

Back 87

1. oval, horseshoe, or kidney shaped
2. eccentrically placed
3. stains lighter than lymphocytes-chromatin less condensed

Front 88

List characteristics of thrombocytes (platelets)

Back 88

1. non-nucleated disc like fragments of cells
2. 2-4 um
3. come from giant cells in bone marrow
4. lifespan-10 days
5. often appear in clumps
6. Contain a series of channels: open cannicular system

Front 89

What is the series of channels contained in thromboyctes? function?

Back 89

1. open cannicular system
2. used for liberating molecules stored in platelet cells (i.e., fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor)

Front 90

What is the function of thrombocytes?

Back 90

1. promote blood clotting
2. help repair blood vessels