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76 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
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Cells

Smallest unit of life

Prokaryotic

-Doesn't have membrane bound organelles (including nucleus)


-They have DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes because they need/ make proteins


-1 to 10 micrometers


-Example: Bacteria

Eukaryotic

-Has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles


-They have DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes b/c they need/ make proteins


-10 to 100 micrometers


-Protists= Amoeba, Paraniciem


Unicellular (one cell)


Fungi= Yeast, Mushrooms


Plants= Trees, Flowers, and Ferns

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Function: Semi-Permeable barrier therefore regulates


Structure: - Phospholipid Bilayer


- Cholesterol


- Transport Proteins

Cell Wall

-Who has?= Plants and Fungi



•Function:


-Protection from predators and dehydration


-Support

Organelle

Specialized compartment within a cell (eukaryotic)

Nucleus

-Houses DNA


-Region within nucleus= Nucleolous (makes ribosomes)



•Function of Nucleolous : To assemble the subunits of ribosomes ( rRNA + proteins)

Nucleus Function

Function: To coordinate and control all cellular activity because it houses the DNA which codes for a unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide that folds to become a protein, which includes enzymes ( speeds up reactions)

Ribosomes

-Site of protein synthesis (to make)


-Where amino acids are linked into a polypeptide

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

-Structure: Maze of membrane with ribosomes attached to the surface


-Function: To synthesize proteins that are exported from the cell


•Example: Insulin= pancreas

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

-Structure: Maze of Membrane


-Function: Many roles metabolically


•Example: Synthesizes phospholipids, sex hormones, and regulates calcium in muscles


-Detoxifies drugs and alcohol

Golgi

Function: To chemically modify, package, and label molecules (solutes) for export from a cell in order to reach its target cell (other cells that need the molecules)


-In plants= it also makes cell wall material

Front (Term)


Mitochondria

-Site of cellular respiration that makes ATP

Cytoskeleton

-Structure: Protein fibers distributed throughout cytoplasm


-Function: • Anchor organelles


• Contribute to cell structure


• Helps with cell division


• Helps with chromosome movement during cell division

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis (only in plants)

Lysosome

-Structure: Membrane bound organelle filled with digestive enzymes


-Function: Digests and regulates old and defective cell molecules/ organelles

Cellular Respiration

-Function: To use the energy (calories) in food to make ATP in cells (ex: large molecules)


•Food providing calories: carbs 4c/g, lipids 9c/g, and protein 4c/g


•Mostly occurs in Mitochondria therefore all eukaryotes use cellular respiration to make ATP

Cellular Respiration Equation

Glucose + six molecular oxygen= 4 steps= six carbon dioxide + six water and approx 30 ATP

Cellular Respiration is obtained how?

•Animal= heterotroph ( eat and breath


•Plants= autotrophs because the both make photosynthesis - they don't need us)


•ATP= for active transport


•Water= for thermoregulation, metabolism


•Carbon Dioxide= photosynthesis

Steps of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis- Cytoplasm- 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate


2. Pyruvate Modification- Mitochondria Matrix- 2 NADH, 2 Carbon dioxide, 2 Acetyl CoA


3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)- Mitochondria Matrix- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 carbon dioxide


4. Electron Transport Chain- In and around inter membrane- approx 28 ATP, Water

Electron Transport Chain

Photosynthesis

Converts carbon dioxide using light energy into organic molecules (calories)

Who photosynthesizes of the eukaryotes?

• Those with chloroplasts


•Autotrophs


•Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

"Self feeders" because they make their own food during photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

Can't make food therefore eats others

Photosynthesis Pigments

Pigments a molecule selectively absorbs certain wavelengths of lights while reflecting and/or transmitting others

Chlorophyll A (Chl a)

•Absorbs light energy and its excited elections are passed down a transport electron chain


•Reflects/ transmits green. All other colors absorbed


(Blue Green)

Accessory Pigments

•Chlorophyll B (Chl b)- reflects yellow green and


•Carotenoids- reflects orangish color=Asorb light energy and pass that energy to chlorophyll A

Stroma

Then fluid in the sac shaped organelle

Thylakoids

Floating in the stroma, is an interconnected membranous structure

Guard Cells

Always together; separating in sunlight creating an opening for stomata

Stomata

Gas exchange

Xylem

Transports water and minerals from soil to leaves

Phloem

Transports sugars and other organic compounds

2 major steps of photosynthesis

• Light reactions


• Calvin cycle

Light Reactions

-Captures light energy to build ATP and NADPH


•ATP= will provide energy to build carbon dioxide into sugar and NADPH will carry electrons during the Calvin cycle

Calvin Cycle

-Happens in the stroma


-Builds a small 3 carbon sugar= G3P


• Plant uses G3P to build glucose and all other organic molecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

How heterotrophs provide cells with reactants of cellular respiration

Respiratory System

Function: Gas exchange oxygen in, and carbon dioxide out (process of simple diffusion)


• At cellular level- transported by simple diffusion

Non Complex

Because the organism is flat, small therefore every cell has access to the environment for gas exchange



Ex: Jellyfish, Sea Anemone, and flat worms

More complex

Because organism is larger, 3D therefore every cell does not have access to the environment for gas exchange

Common Features of Complex Respiratory Systems

A. Must be kept moist- Habitat Dependent


•Aquatic= Respiratory System is bathed water


•Terrestrial= is either kept moist by habitat (ex: underground)


B. Tissue is highly folded to have a lot of surface area for gas exchange in a smaller space


C. Tissue is very vascularized= has a lot of blood vessels associated with it (for transport)

Digestive System

Function: To catabolize food into useful subunits called nutrients


Example


• starch to glucose


• protein to amino acids

4 Steps of Digestion

1. Ingestion= eat food


2. Digestion= 3 ways


A. Mechanical (physical): example= chewing


B. Chemical ( due to acids)= breaks food down into smaller pieces


C. Enzymatic (uses enzymes): breaks food into nutrients


Example=amalyse (saliva)


3. Absorption= Nutrients are transported out of the digestive tract into blood (circulation) or to be circulated to all cells


4. Elimination= discarding I digested material ( feces)

Circulatory System

Function: To circulate gases, nutrients, hormones, water, and wastes around the body for cell access



2 general types= open or closed

3 common features that open and closed circulatory systems have

1. Heart- function: pump circulatory fluids (blood)


2. Circulatory Fluids that contain gasses, nutrients, hormones, water, and wastes


3. Vessels connected to the heart

Open Circulatory System

• Heart with open ended vessels that pump the fluid into a body cavity where organs are located therefore the organs are bathed by the fluid to get the hormones, gases, ect.


Example- insects

Closed Circulatory System

• Heart and blood vessels are continuous therefore blood never leaves the system


Example= mammals, birds, fish

3 Types of Blood Vessels in a Closed System

1. Arteries- carry blood away from the head and body


2. Capillaries- smallest sites for nutrients, gasses, ect. Exchange between blood and all cells


3. Veins- carry blood back to the heart

Chambers of Mammalian Heart

Back (Definition)

Mouth

Ingestion ( food intake)

Salivary Gland

Produces saliva, hydrolyzes starch and other nutrients, and breaks down food

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Stomach

Store food, with release of food in small intestine

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Stomach

Store food, with release of food in small intestine

Pancreas

Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Stomach

Store food, with release of food in small intestine

Pancreas

Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine

Liver

Produces bile

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Stomach

Store food, with release of food in small intestine

Pancreas

Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine

Liver

Produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores bile and helps break down fat to make it easier to digest

Esophagus

Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis

Stomach

Store food, with release of food in small intestine

Pancreas

Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine

Liver

Produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores bile and helps break down fat to make it easier to digest

Small Intestine

Chemical digestion and absorbs nutrients from food in blood stream

Large Intestine

Controls the passage of what's left of a meal and absorbs water (90% of it)

Rectum

Stores the feces until eliminated

Anus

Contracts so you can poop