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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cells |
Smallest unit of life |
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Prokaryotic |
-Doesn't have membrane bound organelles (including nucleus) -They have DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes because they need/ make proteins -1 to 10 micrometers -Example: Bacteria |
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Eukaryotic |
-Has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles -They have DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes b/c they need/ make proteins -10 to 100 micrometers -Protists= Amoeba, Paraniciem Unicellular (one cell) Fungi= Yeast, Mushrooms Plants= Trees, Flowers, and Ferns |
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Cell (Plasma) Membrane |
Function: Semi-Permeable barrier therefore regulates Structure: - Phospholipid Bilayer - Cholesterol - Transport Proteins |
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Cell Wall |
-Who has?= Plants and Fungi
•Function: -Protection from predators and dehydration -Support |
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Organelle |
Specialized compartment within a cell (eukaryotic) |
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Nucleus |
-Houses DNA -Region within nucleus= Nucleolous (makes ribosomes)
•Function of Nucleolous : To assemble the subunits of ribosomes ( rRNA + proteins) |
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Nucleus Function |
Function: To coordinate and control all cellular activity because it houses the DNA which codes for a unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide that folds to become a protein, which includes enzymes ( speeds up reactions) |
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Ribosomes |
-Site of protein synthesis (to make) -Where amino acids are linked into a polypeptide |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) |
-Structure: Maze of membrane with ribosomes attached to the surface -Function: To synthesize proteins that are exported from the cell •Example: Insulin= pancreas |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) |
-Structure: Maze of Membrane -Function: Many roles metabolically •Example: Synthesizes phospholipids, sex hormones, and regulates calcium in muscles -Detoxifies drugs and alcohol |
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Golgi |
Function: To chemically modify, package, and label molecules (solutes) for export from a cell in order to reach its target cell (other cells that need the molecules) -In plants= it also makes cell wall material |
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Front (Term) Mitochondria |
-Site of cellular respiration that makes ATP |
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Cytoskeleton |
-Structure: Protein fibers distributed throughout cytoplasm -Function: • Anchor organelles • Contribute to cell structure • Helps with cell division • Helps with chromosome movement during cell division |
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Chloroplasts |
Site of photosynthesis (only in plants) |
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Lysosome |
-Structure: Membrane bound organelle filled with digestive enzymes -Function: Digests and regulates old and defective cell molecules/ organelles |
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Cellular Respiration |
-Function: To use the energy (calories) in food to make ATP in cells (ex: large molecules) •Food providing calories: carbs 4c/g, lipids 9c/g, and protein 4c/g •Mostly occurs in Mitochondria therefore all eukaryotes use cellular respiration to make ATP |
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Cellular Respiration Equation |
Glucose + six molecular oxygen= 4 steps= six carbon dioxide + six water and approx 30 ATP |
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Cellular Respiration is obtained how? |
•Animal= heterotroph ( eat and breath •Plants= autotrophs because the both make photosynthesis - they don't need us) •ATP= for active transport •Water= for thermoregulation, metabolism •Carbon Dioxide= photosynthesis |
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Steps of Cellular Respiration |
1. Glycolysis- Cytoplasm- 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate 2. Pyruvate Modification- Mitochondria Matrix- 2 NADH, 2 Carbon dioxide, 2 Acetyl CoA 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)- Mitochondria Matrix- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 carbon dioxide 4. Electron Transport Chain- In and around inter membrane- approx 28 ATP, Water |
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Electron Transport Chain |
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Photosynthesis |
Converts carbon dioxide using light energy into organic molecules (calories) |
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Who photosynthesizes of the eukaryotes? |
• Those with chloroplasts •Autotrophs •Heterotrophs |
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Autotrophs |
"Self feeders" because they make their own food during photosynthesis |
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Heterotrophs |
Can't make food therefore eats others |
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Photosynthesis Pigments |
Pigments a molecule selectively absorbs certain wavelengths of lights while reflecting and/or transmitting others |
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Chlorophyll A (Chl a) |
•Absorbs light energy and its excited elections are passed down a transport electron chain •Reflects/ transmits green. All other colors absorbed (Blue Green) |
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Accessory Pigments |
•Chlorophyll B (Chl b)- reflects yellow green and •Carotenoids- reflects orangish color=Asorb light energy and pass that energy to chlorophyll A |
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Stroma |
Then fluid in the sac shaped organelle |
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Thylakoids |
Floating in the stroma, is an interconnected membranous structure |
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Guard Cells |
Always together; separating in sunlight creating an opening for stomata |
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Stomata |
Gas exchange |
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Xylem |
Transports water and minerals from soil to leaves |
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Phloem |
Transports sugars and other organic compounds |
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2 major steps of photosynthesis |
• Light reactions • Calvin cycle |
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Light Reactions |
-Captures light energy to build ATP and NADPH •ATP= will provide energy to build carbon dioxide into sugar and NADPH will carry electrons during the Calvin cycle |
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Calvin Cycle |
-Happens in the stroma -Builds a small 3 carbon sugar= G3P • Plant uses G3P to build glucose and all other organic molecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
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How heterotrophs provide cells with reactants of cellular respiration |
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Respiratory System |
Function: Gas exchange oxygen in, and carbon dioxide out (process of simple diffusion) • At cellular level- transported by simple diffusion |
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Non Complex |
Because the organism is flat, small therefore every cell has access to the environment for gas exchange
Ex: Jellyfish, Sea Anemone, and flat worms |
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More complex |
Because organism is larger, 3D therefore every cell does not have access to the environment for gas exchange |
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Common Features of Complex Respiratory Systems |
A. Must be kept moist- Habitat Dependent •Aquatic= Respiratory System is bathed water •Terrestrial= is either kept moist by habitat (ex: underground) B. Tissue is highly folded to have a lot of surface area for gas exchange in a smaller space C. Tissue is very vascularized= has a lot of blood vessels associated with it (for transport) |
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Digestive System |
Function: To catabolize food into useful subunits called nutrients Example • starch to glucose • protein to amino acids |
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4 Steps of Digestion |
1. Ingestion= eat food 2. Digestion= 3 ways A. Mechanical (physical): example= chewing B. Chemical ( due to acids)= breaks food down into smaller pieces C. Enzymatic (uses enzymes): breaks food into nutrients Example=amalyse (saliva) 3. Absorption= Nutrients are transported out of the digestive tract into blood (circulation) or to be circulated to all cells 4. Elimination= discarding I digested material ( feces) |
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Circulatory System |
Function: To circulate gases, nutrients, hormones, water, and wastes around the body for cell access
2 general types= open or closed |
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3 common features that open and closed circulatory systems have |
1. Heart- function: pump circulatory fluids (blood) 2. Circulatory Fluids that contain gasses, nutrients, hormones, water, and wastes 3. Vessels connected to the heart |
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Open Circulatory System |
• Heart with open ended vessels that pump the fluid into a body cavity where organs are located therefore the organs are bathed by the fluid to get the hormones, gases, ect. Example- insects |
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Closed Circulatory System |
• Heart and blood vessels are continuous therefore blood never leaves the system Example= mammals, birds, fish |
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3 Types of Blood Vessels in a Closed System |
1. Arteries- carry blood away from the head and body 2. Capillaries- smallest sites for nutrients, gasses, ect. Exchange between blood and all cells 3. Veins- carry blood back to the heart |
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Chambers of Mammalian Heart |
Back (Definition) |
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Mouth |
Ingestion ( food intake) |
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Salivary Gland |
Produces saliva, hydrolyzes starch and other nutrients, and breaks down food |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Store food, with release of food in small intestine |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Store food, with release of food in small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Store food, with release of food in small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine |
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Liver |
Produces bile |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Store food, with release of food in small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine |
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Liver |
Produces bile |
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Gallbladder |
Stores bile and helps break down fat to make it easier to digest |
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Esophagus |
Moves the food down to your stomach during peristalsis |
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Stomach |
Store food, with release of food in small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine |
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Liver |
Produces bile |
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Gallbladder |
Stores bile and helps break down fat to make it easier to digest |
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Small Intestine |
Chemical digestion and absorbs nutrients from food in blood stream |
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Large Intestine |
Controls the passage of what's left of a meal and absorbs water (90% of it) |
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Rectum |
Stores the feces until eliminated |
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Anus |
Contracts so you can poop |
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