Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anatomical (Cadaveric) Position |
the position of the living body standing erect, facing the observer, with arms at the sides and the head, eyes, and palms of the hands directed forward; reference posture of the human body |
|
|
Sagittal Plane (longitudinal plane) |
the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions mid-sagittal plane- cut is made at midline |
|
|
Frontal Plane (coronal plane) |
the plane that divides the body into front and back portions |
|
|
Transverse Plane (horizontal plane) |
the plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts; it is at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes |
|
|
4 phases of speech production |
1. respiration 2. phonation 3. resonance 4. articulation |
|
|
vocal tract |
consist of the area from the vocal folds to lips |
|
|
What does the sound generator consist of? |
the area from the vocal folds within the larynx, which is located at the top of the airway into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Process of speech? |
-air passes quietly through the larynx during normal breathing -when the vocal folds are moved into the path of the airstream (when the folds are adducted in the midline), vocal tone or PHONATION is produced - the vocal tone can be described as a buzzing sound; it is delivered into the vocal tract regions above the larynx |
|
|
resonance |
chambers above the vocal folds (pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity) modify the original buzzing sound of the vocal fold tone, and this modification determines the quality (RESONANCE) of the voice |
|
|
What are the major resonating cavities or chambers? |
Pharynx, Oral cavity, and nasal cavity |
|
|
Fricative sounds |
air stream passes through a constriction and becomes turbulent |
|
|
Plosive (stop) sounds |
momentarily blocking airstream and then suddenly releasing air pressure that builds up in oral cavity |
|
|
what is the power supply of the speech production process |
the breathing mechanism |
|
|
2 forms of respiration |
1. mechanical 2. chemical |
|
|
Mechanical respiration |
movement of air into and out of the lungs; it is related to the rhythm of chest and adodmen |
|
|
Chemical respiration |
1. absorption of oxygen from the blood and the discharge of waste product (carbon dioxide) t the blood 2. reversal of this process in alveoli of the lungs |
|
|
Mechanical and Chemical respiration are considered ______________ breathing |
normal (vegetative) - which is breathing for life |
|
|
respiration for speech |
a physical process that involves pumping air into the lungs (inhalation or inspiration) and speaking on expired (exhaled) air - the movement of air out of the lungs is eventually transformed into acoustical (physical) energy |
|
|
3 aspects of respiration |
1. ventilation 2. external respiration 3. internal respiration |
|
|
Ventilation |
movement of air back and forth between the outside atmosphere and the internal spaces of the lungs |
|
|
External respiration |
exchange of gases between the walls of the lung spaces and the transporting blood |
|
|
Internal respiration |
gases are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells |
|
|
respiratory tract in descending order |
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi |
|
|
Nasal, oral, and pharyngeal cavities of the respiratory tract filter, moisten, and warm the air before it enter the lower respiratory tract by way of the ____________.The air then passes through the __________ and into the ____________. At the top of the thorax.... |
- larynx - larynx - trachea -the trachea bifurcates (divides) into two bronchi tubes that extend from the trachea to lungs |
|
|
Trachea |
tube that is lined with mucous membrane and composed of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings (hyaline cartilage) connected by membranes - unpaired midline structure situated in the neck and upper chest region that serves as a tube through which air passes to and from the lungs |
|
|
the right bronchus enters the _________ lung and the left bronchus enter the ___________ lung |
- right - left - the two bronchi pass laterally to the lungs; bronchi are similar in composition to the trachea (composed of cartilaginous rings that are bound together by fibro-elastic tissue) |
|
|
pulmonary alveoli |
small pits whose walls are in a close relationship with the walls of the blood vessels (24 divisions that produce these) |
|
|
bronchioles |
narrowest tubular branches of this system, tubes of 1mm or less in diameter - final division of the bronchi |
|
|
bronchioles undergo repeated division to give rise to___________ which communicate directly with the ______________ which in turn communicate with ______________ |
- terminal bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs of lungs |
|
|
The air sacs in the lungs have small pits or depressions called___________ |
- alveoli (alveoli pulmonis or pulmonary alveoli) |
|
|
Each alveolus shares a wall one cell thick with the vascular system's vessels (___________) |
blood vessels or capillaries |
|
|
Lungs |
-2 lungs (right and left) - very elastic - cone like structures composed of minute air cells - easily collapsible - where blood receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide - each lung has a base, and apex, and 2 surfaces (costal surface and mediastinal surface) |
|
|
Mediastinum |
middle space of the thorax that contains the heart as well as major portions of the trachea and bronchi |
|
|
Each lung is divided into __________... |
lobes - 3 in the right lung - 2 in the left lung (only 2 because of the place of the heart and other mediastinal contents |
|
|
pleura |
a serous (fluid-producing) membrane that covers each lung - serve to protect the lungs |
|
|
The skeletal framework for the breathing mechanism includes: |
vertebral column rib cage pectoral girdle pelvic girdle |
|
|
Vertebral column |
consists of 32 or 33 individual vertebrae joined together by intervertebral cartilages and very complex system of ligaments |
|
|
vertebrae are grouped into five divisions which include: |
- 7 cervical vertebrae (neck region) - 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest region) - 5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back region) - 5 sacral vertebrae (fused solidly together into one bone, the sacrum) - 3 or 4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused into one bone, the coccyx) |
|
|
First cervical vertebra called the ___________, which supports the ______________. The second cervical vertebra is called the ________ |
- atlas; cranium - axis
|
|
|
The typical vertebra is composed to 2 main parts which are the... |
- corpus - vertebral arch |
|
|
Corpus |
comprises bulk of most vertebrae; it is the largest part, an unpaired, anteriorly directed projection |
|
|
Vertebral (neural) arch includes... and what does it do |
- pedicles - laminae - spinous proces - transverse processes - articular processes
- provides protection to the spinal cord which, in life, occupies the space of the vertebral foramen |
|
|
Joints between vertebrae are composed of cartilaginous ________________ and a complex structure of ligaments |
intervertebral discs - the discs absorb shock to the vertebral column |
|
|
pedicles |
a pair of "legs" that arise from corpus and are directed posteriorly |
|
|
Laminae |
two plate like structures that project backward from pedicles and fuse in the midline, thereby completing an arch (vertebral arch) that encloses a space called the vertebral (neural foramen or vertebral (neural) canal |
|
|
Spinous proces |
a projection that results when the two laminae are fused posteriorly and extend farther dorsally as a single projection at the midline |
|
|
Transverse processes |
paired processes that project somewhat laterally from the laminae on both sides of the vertebrae; they form points of attachment for muscles and ligaments (for thoracic vertebrae, these processes serve as points of articulation for the ribs) |
|
|
Articular processes |
two superior and two inferior; these processes articulate with adjacent vertebrae |
