Exam 2 Homeostasis (Golfetti)

Front 1

blood volume direction per minute

Back 1

5 L - lungs

5 L - rest of the body

Front 2

urine produced per min

Back 2

1 mL

Front 3

# of breaths & volume, per min

Back 3

12 breaths, 6 L

Front 4

O2 consumption - CO2 production per min

Back 4

250 mL - 200 mL

Front 5

cost of living per min (cal)

Back 5

2 cal

Front 6

physiology

Back 6

study of the functions of living things

Front 7

2 physiology approaches

Back 7

purpose (why?)

mechanism (how?)

Front 8

levels of organization in the body

Back 8

chemical (OCHN)

cellular

tissue

organ

body system

organisms

Front 9

4 tissue types

Back 9

muscle

nervous

epithelial (e. sheets & secretory glands)

connective

Front 10

glands

Back 10

exocrine (secretory)

endocrine (hormones)

Front 11

muscle tissue types

Back 11

skeletal

cardiac

smooth (hollow tubes movement)

Front 12

connective tissue examples

Back 12

bone

blood

tendons

Front 13

connective tissue definition

Back 13

◦ Distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance ofextracellular material

Front 14

organ definition

Back 14

Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that functiontogether to perform a particular function or functions.

Front 15

stomach tissues

Back 15

Stomach

◦ Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue

◦ Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle

◦ Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion

◦ Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together

Front 16

Consists of related organs that have a common function, there areeleven of them in the body.

CRIES RR(E)MIND

Back 16

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Integumentary System

Endocrine System

Skeletal System

Renal/Urinary System

Reproductive System

Muscular System

Immune System

Nervous System

Digestive System

Front 17

crine

Back 17

secretion

Front 18

Cardiovascular System:

Back 18

includes blood, heart, & blood vessels. It is responsible for delivery of oxygen & nutrients to the tissues.

Front 19

The Respiratory System:

Back 19

includes lungs & airways. It is involved in the absorption of oxygen & release of carbon dioxide.

Front 20

The Renal System:

Back 20

includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is responsible for electrolyte balance & waste removal.

Front 21

The Gastrointestinal System:

Back 21

includes organs of the gastrointestinal tract. It is responsible for the absorption and processing of nutrients.

Front 22

The Skeletal System:

Back 22

includes the bones & joints, it provides support & protection to internal organs.

Front 23

The Muscular System:

Back 23

includes skeletal muscle and it provides movement

Front 24

The Integumentary System:

Back 24

includes the skin & derived structures, it protects internal organs & helps maintain body temperature.

Front 25

The Immune System:

Back 25

includes lymphatic vessels & fluid. It is involved in the defense against infection.

Front 26

The Nervous System:

Back 26

includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It provides regulation of body functions & sensory perception.

Front 27

The Endocrine System:

Back 27

includes hormone-producing cells & glands. It regulates homeostasis, growth & development.

Front 28

The Reproductive System:

Back 28

includes the reproductive organs in males and females. It controls the biological process by which new individuals are produced.

Front 29

Homeostasis

Back 29

The process through which a nearly stableinternal environment is maintained in the bodyso that cellular functions can proceed atmaximum efficiency.

Front 30

Variables homeostatically regulated

Back 30

Concentration of O2and CO2

◦ pH

◦ Temperature

◦ Water volume and concentration of electrolytes

◦ Glucose

◦ Blood Volume and Blood pressure

◦ Concentration of nutrient molecules

◦ Concentration of waste products

Front 31

Blood pH

Back 31

The bloodstream is the most critically buffered system of the entire body, farmore sensitive than any other.

Arterial and venous blood must maintain aslightly alkaline pH:

-- arterial blood pH = 7.41

-- venous blood pH = 7.36

Because the normal pH of arterial blood is 7.41, a person is considered to haveacidosis when the pH of blood falls below this value and to have alkalosis whenthe pH rises above 7.41.

Front 32

patophysiology

Back 32

failure to compensate for deviations from normal (-> disease)

Front 33

Claude Bernard (1813-1878) homeostasis definition

Back 33

"Theconstancy of the internal environment is aprecondition of the free and independentlife"

Front 34

Walter Canon

Back 34

"Our bodies . . . are composedof highly unstable material. They aresubjected frequently to disturbing conditions.The maintenance of a constant state withinthem is evidence that agencies are acting orare ready to act to maintain this constancy."

created the term homeostasis in 1930

“A homeostatic system is an open system that maintains itsstructure and functions by means of a multiplicity ofdynamic equilibriums rigorously controlled byinterdependent regulatory mechanisms.”

Front 35

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 35

Fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells)

Two components:

◦ Plasma

◦ interstitial fluid

Front 36

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 36

◦ Fluid contained within all body cells

Front 37

Total body water

Back 37

2/3 body weight

0.6 x Body weight

1 liter H2O = 1 kg

Front 38

Variability among individuals (body water)

Back 38

amount of adipose tissue

Front 39

%Body water varies with age.

Back 39

Newborns= 75%

age of 1 year = 60%

Front 40

stem cells

Back 40

embryonic

tissue-specific

Front 41

Water intake sources

Back 41

Ingested fluid (60%)

Solidfood (30%)

Metabolic water or water ofoxidation (10%)

Front 42

Water Output

Back 42

•Urine (60%)

•Feces (4%)

•Insensible losses through the skin andlungs (28%)

•Sweat (8%)

•Increases in plasma osmolality triggerthirst and release of antidiuretichormone (ADH)

Front 43

-The distribution of fluidbetween plasma andinterstitial space isdetermined

Back 43

by forcesacross the cellmembrane.

Front 44

Osmolality is maintained at

Back 44

~ 280 – 300 mOsm

Front 45

The hypothalamic thirstcenter is stimulated by

Back 45

Decline in plasma volume of5%- 15%

Increases in plasmaosmolality of 1–2%

Baroreceptor input,angiotensin II, and otherstimuli

Front 46

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 46

Its two primary functions are

to retain water in the body and

to constrict blood vessels.

Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water by

acting to increase water re-absorption in the kidney's collecting ducts,

(the tubules which receive the very dilute urine produced by the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons.)

Front 47

◦ Extrinsic controls accomplished by

Back 47

nervous and endocrine systems

Front 48

Feedforward regulation

Back 48

Term used for responses made in anticipation of a change

Front 49

Negative Feedback loop

Back 49

receptor

integrator

effector

Front 50

post-meal glucose level

Back 50

less than 10 mmol/L(180 mg/dL)

Front 51

pre-meal plasma glucose of 5 to 7.2 mmol/L (90–130 mg/dL).

Back 51

5 to 7.2 mmol/L (90–130 mg/dL).

Front 52

Acclimatization

◦ Acclimation

Back 52

natural adaptation (occurs naturally)

◦ induced adaptation (laboratory setting)

Front 53

Receptor

Back 53

measures and monitors the actual value of some aspect of the internalenvironment.

Front 54

afferent pathway

Back 54

a sensory or afferentneuron that transmits information from the sensor to the integration center. Inendocrine mechanisms, this may involve release of hormone into the bloodstream.

Front 55

Integration (Control) center

Back 55

hard-wired with the ‘set point’ orthe target value for an environmental condition and can compare input from thesensor to the set point value.