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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The two type of tobacco plants? |
Nicotiana Tabacum Nicotiana Rustica |
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Nicotinic cholinergic receptors |
Ionotropic A and B subunits Found in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system |
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What happens when nicotine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors? |
Opens the Na+ channel and depolarizes the cell membrane |
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is nicotine an agonist or antagonist for nicotinic receptors? |
agonist |
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How does nicotine effect cognitive function? |
Enhancement of attention Deficits of inhibitory control |
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Nicotine effects in humans? |
Improved fine motor control Improved attention Improved short-term episodic memory |
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Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal? |
decreased heart rate, increased appetite andweight gain, inability to concentrate, insomnia, craving, anxiety, angeraggression, depression, nervousness, drowsiness, light-headedness, headaches,dizziness, tremor and nausea (all depressive effects) |
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Constant Blood LevelTheory |
People avoid withdrawal by maintaining a constant level ofblood nicotine People take faster puffs whenblood levels are low—first thing in the morning and when they first light up –when under stress (similar to hedonic regulation theory -- negativereinforcement theory) |
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Nicotine Bolus Theory |
People smoke for the reinforcing of the nicotine bolus (highconcentration of nicotine) that hits the brain after each puff. Boluses areimportant in the reinforcing effect of cocaine and heroin. Explainswhy smoking is so popular Does notexplain chewing tobacco (constant blood level explains this) Helpsexplain why inhaler works better than gum or patch |
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Psychological ToolTheory |
People use nicotine as a tool to modulate their arousallevel – raise it when they are bored and lower it when they are stressed. Theyalso use it to improve performance on motor and cognitive tasks. Therebysmoking contributes to the psychological comfort of the smoker There issome support, but results are disputed |
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Dual ReinforcementModel |
2 major factors that drive nicotine use 1) Reinforcing actions of nicotine through themesolimbic dopamine system which is common to many drugs of abuse 2) Enhancement of the actions of other reinforces These theories are not mutually exclusive and they may allbe correct to some extent. Different people can smoke for different reasons |
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Nicotine replacement therapies |
Involve nicotine delivery systems like the patch gum,inhalers, e-cig, nasal spray Even if they never stop taking nicotine a lot of the healthrisks are diminished due to the tar in cigarettes |
