Exam 2

Front 1

Intraspecific Variation

Back 1

genetic of phenotypic variation within a species

Front 2

Subspecies

Back 2

local, phenotypical distinct form, synonymous w/ race

Front 3

Phenotypic Plasticity

Back 3

The ability to display different phenotypes.

Front 4

Genetic Variation

Back 4

Genetic variation is a fact that a biological system – individual and population – is different over space. Genetic variation is based on the variation in alleles of genes in a gene pool

Front 5

Ecotype

Back 5

a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat.

Front 6

Common Garden Experiment

Back 6

an experiment where one or more organisms are moved from one environment to another environment

Front 7

coarse-grained variation

Back 7

spatial variation in the environment that is large relative to the mobility of the organism

Front 8

Fine-grained variation

Back 8

spatial variation in the environment that is small relative to the mobility of the organism

Front 9

Frequency-dependent selection

Back 9

form of natural selection in which the fitness of a gene is determined by its frequency in the population

Front 10

Population

Back 10

a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a particular area

Front 11

Genet

Back 11

genetically distinct individual in a plant population; may comprise of many individuals, especially when reproduction is by cloning

Front 12

Ramet

Back 12

a physiologically distinct individual in a plant population

Front 13

Distribution

Back 13

How organisms are spread across an environment

Front 14

Abundance

Back 14

the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem.

Front 15

Density

Back 15

measure of the number of organisms that make up a population in a defined area.

Front 16

Dispersal

Back 16

pattern of spatial distribution of species in the habitat

Front 17

Exotic

Back 17

A foreign noninvasive species

Front 18

Invasive

Back 18

A species that is foreign and causes harm

Front 19

Unitary Organisms

Back 19

Organisms that exist as separate and distinct individuals

Front 20

Modular organisms

Back 20

an organism that develops by repetitive patterns of growth of body parts

Front 21

Random distribution

Back 21

spaced and haphazard

Front 22

Uniform distribution

Back 22

even distribution

Front 23

Clumped distribution

Back 23

in packs

Front 24

Transect

Back 24

a sampling method of measuring the presence or absence of individuals along systematic paths through the habitat

Front 25

Quadrat

Back 25

sampling in quadrants

Front 26

Capture-recapture

Back 26

A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted.

Front 27

Lincoln Index

Back 27

N=n1*n2/m

Front 28

Emigration

Back 28

Moving out

Front 29

Immigration

Back 29

Moving in

Front 30

Active dispersal

Back 30

Moving self

Front 31

Inactive dispersal

Back 31

being moved by other organisms

Front 32

Assisted dispersal

Back 32

Humans moving species intentional or accidental

Front 33

Population growth

Back 33

Increase or decrease in a number of individuals

Front 34

Closed population

Back 34

Little to no immigration and emigration

Front 35

Open Population

Back 35

Immigration and emigration occurs

Front 36

Calculating population growth

Back 36

N/T=r*N

r= b-d

Front 37

Cohort Life Table

Back 37

For short lived organisms

Front 38

Composite life table

Back 38

Long lived organisms

Front 39

HIPPO

Back 39

(H)abitat destruction

(I)nvasive species

(P)ollution

(P)opulation

(O)verexploitation

Front 40

Challenges for small population

Back 40

Distance between mates, breakdown of social structure, shallow gene pool

Front 41

Lifetime

Back 41

Life of an organism

Front 42

Metamorphasis

Back 42

Change in life stages

Front 43

Neoteny

Back 43

Retention of juvenile features in the adult animal

Front 44

diapause

Back 44

a period of suspended development in an insect, other invertebrate, or mammal embryo, especially during unfavorable environmental conditions.

Front 45

Delayed implantation

Back 45

delays the development of the embryo.

Front 46

Sequential hermaphroditism

Back 46

Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes sex at some point in its life.

Front 47

altrical

Back 47

the young are born or hatched helpless.

Front 48

precocial

Back 48

the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.

Front 49

sexual dimorphism

Back 49

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

Front 50

Simple life cycle

Back 50

One sex the entire life, direct development

Front 51

Complex life cycle

Back 51

Can change sex, indirect development, change in body plans

Front 52

Lifespan and natural selection

Back 52

1) Intensity of selection with age

2) Pleiotropic genes: Genes that benefit reproduction while young will be selected for even if problematic later on

3)Limiting Soma Theory: Limiting resources devoted to reproduction result in decreased somatic maintenance.

Front 53

Why can't organisms achieve optimal reproduction?

Back 53

Limited resources causes resource allocation to occur

Front 54

Reproductive output and age of maturity relationship

Back 54

Reproducing young causes fewer offspring to be born overall.

Front 55

Gross birthrate

Back 55

add all births

Front 56

Reproductive effort and offspring and parent survival

Back 56

1)As reproductive effort increases, the number of offspring goes up but survivorship goes down

2)As effort goes up, parent survivorship goes down

Front 57

Life table formulas

Back 57

qx= dx/lx

Front 58

Iteroparous reproduction

Back 58

Many reproductive events in a lifetime (Humans)

Front 59

Semelparity reproduction

Back 59

Single reproductive event (Salmon)

Front 60

Predation

Back 60

Consuming of another organism

Front 61

True predators

Back 61

Kills and consumes prey

Front 62

intraspecific competition

Back 62

an interaction in population ecology, whereby members of the same species compete for limited resources.

Front 63

interspecific competition

Back 63

a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem

Front 64

exploitation

Back 64

Occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate.

Front 65

interference

Back 65

occurs when one species directly affects the ability of a another to consume resources.

Front 66

self-thinning

Back 66

progressive decline in the density of a population of growing plants.

Front 67

Exponential growth assumptions

Back 67

1) Continuous reproduction (e.g., no seasonality)

2) All organisms are identical (e.g., no age structure)

3) Environment is constant in space and time (e.g., resources are unlimited)

Front 68

R strategists

Back 68

lots of offspring little parental care

Front 69

K strategists

Back 69

Few offspring more parental care

Front 70

K in exponential growth

Back 70

carrying capacity

Front 71

inflection point

Back 71

When the population begins to turn to level

Front 72

Density-independent factor

Back 72

have an effect regardless of size

Front 73

Scramble competition

Back 73

Free for all in the same species

Front 74

Contest competition

Back 74

Some have all they need while others go without

Front 75

Fecundity

Back 75

Reproduction rate

Front 76

Direct competition

Back 76

Fighting over resources

Front 77

Indirect competition

Back 77

Defending a territory

Front 78

Lotka and Volterra

Back 78

waving form of population due to predator prey relationship

Front 79

Competitive exclusion principle

Back 79

two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant.

Front 80

Search image

Back 80

Predator develops a knowledge of a prey type and uses this to hunt

Front 81

herbivore

Back 81

feeds on plants

Front 82

symbiosis

Back 82

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Front 83

parasite

Back 83

an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

Front 84

kleptoparasitism

Back 84

a form of feeding in which one animal takes prey or other food from another that has caught, collected, or otherwise prepared the food

Front 85

haustorium

Back 85

a slender projection from the root of a parasitic plant, such as a dodder, or from the hyphae of a parasitic fungus, enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissues of its host and absorb nutrients from it.

Front 86

vector

Back 86

an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

Front 87

Episodic hematophagy

Back 87

Feeding on blood

Front 88

Intermediate host

Back 88

an organism that supports the immature or nonreproductive forms of a parasite.

Front 89

Definitive host

Back 89

A primary host or definitive host is a host in which the parasite reaches maturity and, if possible, reproduces sexually.

Front 90

Optimal foraging theory

Back 90

helps predict how an animal behaves when searching for food. Although obtaining food provides the animal with energy, searching for and capturing the food require both energy and time.

Front 91

marginal value theorem

Back 91

describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources.

Front 92

Quantitative inhibitors

Back 92

chemicals present in large amounts

Front 93

Qualitative inhibitors

Back 93

chemicals in small amounts

Front 94

Constitutive defence

Back 94

Always present

Front 95

Induced defense

Back 95

A reaction to damage

Front 96

Macroparasite

Back 96

Large enough to be seen by the eye

Front 97

microparasite

Back 97

can not be seen by the naked eye

Front 98

Holoparasite

Back 98

a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host.

Front 99

hemiparasite

Back 99

a parasitic plant, such as mistletoe, that carries out photosynthesis but also obtains food from its host.

Front 100

ectoparasite

Back 100

a parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the outside of its host.

Front 101

endoparasite

Back 101

a parasite, such as a tapeworm, that lives inside its host.

Front 102

Batesian mimicry

Back 102

mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.

Front 103

Mullerian Mimicry

Back 103

a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well.

Front 104

Chemical defense

Back 104

Releasing chemicals either as deterrent or warning

Front 105

Cryptic coloration

Back 105

Blending into the environment

Front 106

facultative mutualism

Back 106

interacting species derive benefit from each other but not being fully dependent that each cannot survive without the symbiotic partner.

Front 107

Obligate mutualism

Back 107

one organism cannot survive without the other.

Front 108

specialist

Back 108

can only work with one species

Front 109

generalist

Back 109

can thrive in multiple environments