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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adapids and Omomyids |
Adapids: Diversity: 37=genera 89=species Body size 100-6900 grams most larger then 1000 Mostly diurnal one genus nocturnal Diet: Frugivorous, folivores, insectivours Active arborcal quadrupeds (runners and leapers), some specialized leapers o Gives rise to Strepsirrhines (modern smaller andnocturnal) o( modern Leamers and Lorsies ) Omomyid: Diversity: 39 genera, 91 species Size:45g to 1,700 grams most diurnal Mostly nocturnal, one genus diurnal Diet: Frugivorous, insectivours, some folivores· Locomotion: active arboreal quadrupeds (runnersand leapers) some specialized leapers o Give rise to haplorrhines (Modern Larger andDiurnal {man})Humans and great apes |
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Adaptive radiation |
When organisms rapidly diversify from an ancestral species with different characteristics because of new resources, different environments, etc. Example – Darwin’s finches and their beaks. |
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Dating techniques |
Carbon dating - Using radioactive isotopes of C^14 decays into nitrogen. Carbon is made in the atmosphere and is incorporated into plants, which are eaten by animals. You can measure how old it is using its half-life which is 5730 years. Good for antiques, too old for most fossils, on the cusp for neanderthals. Paleomagnetism - Measuring the earth’s magnetic field and how it has switched and changed throughout time. Uranium Series (U-Series) Dating - Mostly for dating caves, but it is very hard because caves are like “nature’s washing machines” They can date structures in the caves like stalactites and stalagmites. |
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Dental Formulas |
1. Incisors 2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars Modern mammals: 2-1-2-3 Parapithecids: 2-1-2-3 Propliopthecids: 2-1-3-3 Number times 2 top and boatem for total teeth |
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Diapsids Anapsids Synapsisds |
Most primitive reptiles diverged in 4 groups Anapsids: turtles Eurapsids: plesioaurs (lockness monster)(extinct?) Synapsids: mammals Diapsids: reptiles, birds & dinosaurs |
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dinosaur extinction event |
66 Ma – K/Pg – 75% Species, dead dinosaurs make way for mammals |
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Early primate evolution |
Adapidae -> strepsirrhini Omomyidae -> haplorrhine |
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Encephalization Quotient |
Measurement of brain size/mass to body size, hypothesized to be an estimate of intelligence. EQ>2, Humans = 8 |
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Fossilization Processes and results |
· Taphonomy=The study of biological and geological processesthat occur betweent he death of an organism and its final state in the rock · Diagenesis=The physical and chemical processes that affectrock and fossels (e.g., bone) after burial |
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Gigantopithecus |
Massive primate (bigfoot?) existed at one point skull found in asia at a relics shop. |
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Identifying Mamals in the fossil record |
Mammals have bones in the inner ear: Articular, quadrate bones to be specific Tooth complexity |
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Index fossils |
Markers used across the world to tell us where we are in the rock record. Ideally the fossils are widespread, abundant, short-lived, must be a skeleton. |
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K-Ar dating |
Dating using the amount of Potassium and Argon in a specimen. We this to date older specimens because its half-life is 3M yrs, It is very accurate, especially because of volcanoes. |
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Mammalian evolution |
evoloved from small shrew like creates were present in the therasic period |
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Mammalian Order species diversity |
Prototherians – lays eggs (ex: platypus) Metatherians – non-placental mammals (marsupials) (ex: kangaroo) Eutherians – defined by placenta (ex: humans) Earliest eutherians- 160 my (Jurassic era) called Juramaia sinensis |
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Mammalian Synapomorphies |
Vivipary (live birth)- babies carried to term enternal embionic development vs egg, or pouch (marsupial) Increased parental involvement- rearing of young Mammary glands- mothers milk Endothermic – controls temperature internally |
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Mammalian tooth morphology and growth |
Primitive teeth: Homodont and polyphyodont (sametooth multiple rows of teeth Derived teeth: Heterdont and Diphyodont(different teeth,[molars,premolars, canine incisors], two sets of teeth){Deciuous vs Permanetteeth} |
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Mass extinctions |
K/Pg → 66Ma - 75% of species, dead dinosaurs make way for mammalsEnd Triassic (metiorite) → 205Ma - 23% Families, 48% Genera..Permo-Triassic → 251Ma - 96% marine, 70% land species (AKA “The Great Dying”)The Earth opened and started spewing magmaLate Devonian → 375Ma - 70% of all species |
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New World Monkey evolution |
Africa to south America rafterd overto south America?Vegitation gets jetisined out andanimals float over on it (same as old world |
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Paleontological research and lines of evidence |
Fossils Need to examine multiple lines of evidence inorder to interpret the era in which this organism lived and who they were Foffils record is rare and the record can bebroken and incomplete Have a lot of fossels but there are gaps Reconstruct morphology Reconstruct Behavior Reconsturct Habitat Reconstrut Eniroment Recontuct floral and Faunal Communities Reconstuct Climate |
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Parapithecids and Propliopithecids |
Pro: Dental 2-1-2-3 Skull crest Para: 2-1-3-3 |
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Plate tectonics |
We are on a moving planet |
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Platyrrhine evolution |
Tails that can grasp, new world monkys floted over on grass |
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Platyrrhines vs. Catarrhines |
New vs. Old 3-3 vs 2-3 Zygomatic- parietal contact vs. frontal-sphenoid contact Smaller body size vs species over 25 pounds soem prehensile tails vs no prehensile tails |
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Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) dating |
Volcanic ash, Potassium argon dating Argon is released in volcanic activity as it changes into potassium gives you a date or argon to argon |
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Primate activity patterns |
Primates primarly dihrnal but have evolved nocternal capibility several times |
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Primate synapomorphies |
Shared, derived characteristics. 1.Convergent orbits – forward facing eyes, stereoscopic vision, depth perception. 2. Postorbital bar – eyeball is enclosed in circular case of bone, protects eye 3. Flattened nails on most digits 4. Long, dexterous, grasping digits – hands, holding on to things 5.Opposable big toe – we lost our opposable big toe b/c we needed to walk upright 6.Petrosal bulla – middle ear is encased solely by the petrosal bone |
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Primate taxonomy |
? |
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Primate tooth morphology |
Bilophodont - Sharp, zipper like, good for tearing vegetation + leaves Simple molars - Flat, cusped, like a pestle and mortar, good for grinding |
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Proconsul |
Primate had no tale found in asia walked on the ground |
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Prototherians, Metatherians, and Euteherians !!!!!!!! |
Protherieans: lay eggs platapuse Methatherians: marsupials got a puch Eutherians: internal ovarian cycle humans |
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Radiocarbon Dating |
you can actualydate the fossel itself but it requires destroying the fossel |
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Siyapithecus |
ancestor to the oragatang |
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Strepsirrhines Vs. Haplorrhines |
Omomydia → Haplorhini Adapidae → Strepsirrhini |
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Synapomorphy |
traits that are examined to place an animal into a group Shared derived characteristics |
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Taphonomy and Diagenesis |
Taphonomy: study of biological and geological processes that occur between the death of an organism and its final state n the rock (ex: death trap, predation) Diagenesis: physical and chemical processes that affect rocks and fossils (ex: bones) after burialTypes of fossils |
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Types of Fossels |
Perminerilization Casts and molds Replacement and recrystilization Trace fossil Coalified compression Coprolites (fossilized poop) Lagerstatten- fossilized community/ecosystem (caused by catastrophic event) |
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Taxonomic Levels (KPCOFGS) |
Kingdom - knights/ Kinky Phylum - play/ People Class - chess/ Come Order - on/ Over Family - funny/ For Genus - green/ Group Species - squares/ Sex |
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The Cenozoic epochs |
66 million to present the new era of life |
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The first life on earth |
3.7-3.5· Stomatolites start to form· Bacteria |
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The K/Pg extinction |
dinaosurs gone |
