Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Gross Anatomy Of Long Bone Periosteum |
Outer fibrous layer |
Outside |
|
|
Gross Anatomy of Long Bone Diaphysis |
Shaft |
|
|
|
Gross Anatomy of Long Bone Epiphysis |
Expanded ends of bone Spongy bone interior Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces |
|
|
|
Microscopic Anatomy Compact Bone |
Osteon (Haversian System)- structural unit -Lamellae: weight bearing, column like matrix cubes -Central (Haversian) Canal: contains blood vessels and nerves -Perforating (Volksmann's) Canals: at right angles to the central canal. Connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum and central canal -Lacunae- small cavities that contain osteocytes -Canaliculi- hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. |
|
|
|
Microscopic Anatomy Spongy Bone |
-Trabeculae- aline along lines of stress. No osteons, contain irregularly lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. *capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients |
|
|
|
Homeostatic Imbalances Osteoporosis |
-Loss of bone mass: bone resorption outpaces deposit *spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture. |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Excretion |
Salt and Nitrogenous wastes in sweat. |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Blood Reservoir |
Up to 5% of body's blood volume. |
|
|
|
Region Dermis |
Middle region |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Cutaneous Sensations |
-Pain -Pressure -Temperature |
|
|
|
Burns (Causes, results, threats) |
-Causes- heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals -Results- Tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death -Threat- dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock. |
|
|
|
Fibrous Joints Gomphosis |
-"Peg in socket" fibrous joint - Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket -Immovable |
|
|
|
Fonatelles |
-"Soft spots" of infants skill (fibrous membranes between cranial bones) -"Molding" allows easier passage through birth canal -Closed by the end of 2nd year |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Physical stress |
Stimulates bone growth |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Bone Deposit |
Requires vitamin A, C, D, and several minerals |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Sex Hormones |
A. Promote bone formation B. Stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Deficiency of Thyroid Hormone |
Delays growth |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Low HGH & High HGH |
Low- dwarfism High- gigantism |
|
|
|
Factors Influencing Bone Growth Growth Hormone |
Stimulates epiphyseal plate activity |
|
|
|
Cells Of Bones Osteoclasts |
Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix |
|
|
|
Cells Of Bone Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells |
|
|
|
Cells Of Bones Osteoblasts |
Bone forming cells |
|
|
|
Cells Of Bones Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells |
Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that rise to osteoblasts |
|
|
|
Region Epidermis |
Superficial region |
|
|
|
Region Hypodermis |
Deepest region |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Metabolic Functions |
Synthesis of vitamin D |
|
|
|
Burns Third Degree |
-Entire thickness of skin damaged -Gray-white, cherry red, or black -No swelling or pain -Skin grafting usually necessary |
|
|
|
Burns Second Degree |
-Epidermal and upper dermal damage -Blisters appear |
|
|
|
Burns First Degree |
-Epidermal damage only -Localized redness, edema, and pain |
|
|
|
Skin Color Carotene |
Yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles |
|
|
|
Skin Color Melanin |
-Yellow to reddish-brown to black, responsible for dark skin colors |
|
|
|
Skin Cancer Basal Cell Carcinoma |
-Least malignant, most common -Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis -Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases |
|
|
|
Skin Cancer Melanoma |
-Most dangerous -Characteristics (ABCDE rule) A. Asymmetry B. Border C. Color D. Diameter E. Evolving -Involves melanocytes -Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy -Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy |
|
|
|
Skin Cancer Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
- second most common - involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum -most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands - good prognosis if treated by radiation |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Protection |
- Chemical Barriers: skin secretions fight bacteria. Melanin protects against uv rays - Physical/Mechanical Barriers: keratin and glycolipids block most water/water soluble substances - Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances - Biological Barriers: dendritic cells and macrophages |
|
|
|
Integumentary Functions Body Temperature Regulation |
Sweat for evaporative cooling
Constriction of dermal capillaries to prevent heat loss |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movement Angular Movements (Frontal Plane) |
- movements that occur along the frontal plane 1. Abduction- movement away from midline 2. Adduction- movement toward the midline 3. Circumduction- felxion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb |
|
|
|
Fibrous Joint Syndesmosis |
- joint held together by a ligament - vary in length; longer than sutures - on end of tibia -immovable |
|
|
|
Fibrous Joint Syndesmosis |
- joint held together by a ligament - vary in length; longer than sutures - on end of tibia -immovable |
|
|
|
Fibrous Joints Suture |
- Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock * Found only in skull - Immovable |
|
|
|
Cartilaginous Joints Synchrondroses |
- bones united by hyaline cartilage *epiphyseal plate *sternum *joint between first rib and sternum *immovable |
|
|
|
Cartilaginous Joints Symphyses |
- bones united by fibrocartilage *spine disc *pubic symphysic *moveable |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movements Angular movements (Sagittal plane) |
- movements that occur along the sagittal plane 1. Flexion- decreases angle of joint 2. Extension- increases angle of joint 3. Hyperextension- excessive extension beyond normal range of motion |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movement Gliding |
One bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movements Rotation |
- the turning of a bone around its own long axis - between c1 and c2 vertebrae - rotation of humerus and femur -rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movements Special Movements (radius around ulna) |
- movements of radius around ulna - radius and ulna are parallel •Supination: turning hand backward •Pronation: turning hand forward (radius rotates over ulna) |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movements Special Movements (movement of the foot) |
• dorisflexion: upward movement • plantar flexion: downward movement • inversion: turn sole medially • eversion: turn sole laterally |
|
|
|
Synovial Joint Movements Special Movements (transverse plane) |
• protraction: anterior movement • retraction: posterior movement
• elevation: lifting a body part superiorly • depression: moving a body part inferiorly |
|
|
|
Classification Of Synovial Joints Pivot joints |
- rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring of another bone - uniaxial movement only -(proximal radioulnar joint) |
|
|
|
Classification Of Synovial Joints Condyloid (ellipsoidal) Joints |
- biaxial joints - both articular surfaces are oval - permit all angular movements -metacarpophalangal joint |
|
|
|
Joints - Articulation - Functions |
- Articulation: site where two bones meet - Functions: give skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together |
|
|
|
Skin Color Hemoglobin |
Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 6. Rich nerve and blood vessel supply |
- nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch - capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 5. Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments |
- Capsular (intrinsic): part of the fibrous capsule - Extracspsular: outside the capsule - Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 4. Synovial Fluid |
- viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid - lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 3. Articular (joint) Capsule |
- outer fibrous capsule -inner synovial membrane |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (friction-reducing structures) Bursae |
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (friction-reducing structures) Tendon sheath |
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 2. Joint (synovial) Cavity |
Small potential space |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints (distinguishing features) 1. Articular Cartilage |
Hyaline cartilage |
|
|
|
Synovial Joints |
All are diarthrotic (freely moveable)
Include all limb joints; most joints of the body |
|
|
|
Major Synovial Joints Shoulder |
1. Ball-and-socket: head of humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula 2. Loose cavity, reinforced by surrounding muscles and tendons (rotator cuff) 3. Several bursae 4. Variety of movements, but easily dislocated |
|
|
|
Major Synovial Joints Elbow |
1. 2 types of joints A. Hinge Joint: trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna B. Plane Joint: captiulum of humerus and head of radius (rotation of radius wishing annular ligament 2. Joint capsule is reinforced by collateral ligaments |
|
|
|
Major Synovial Joints Hip |
1. Ball-and-socket: head of femur and acetabulum of coxal bone 2. Fibrocartilage ring deepens acetabulum cavity 3. Heavy joint capsule reinforced by ligaments 4. Variety of movements |
|
|
|
Major Synovial Joints Knee |
1. 2 condyloid joints: between femur and tibia -Flexion and Extension - Some rotation of lower leg when knee is flexed 2. Plane joint: between femur and patella 3. Several ligaments bind articular surfaces 4. Femur and tibia separated by 2 menisci 5. Several bursae |
|
|
|
Classification of synovial joints Ball and socket joints |
-multiaxial joints -most freely moving synovial joints *shoulder joints |
|
|
|
Classification of synovial joints Saddle joints |
- biaxial - allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints - each articular surface has both concave and convex areas - (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) |
|
|
|
Classification of synovial joints Hinge joints |
- uniaxial joints - motion along a single plane - flexion and extension only - (elbow joint) |
|
|
|
Synovial joint moments Special movements (Opposition of the thumb) |
Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers |
|
|
|
Classification of synovial joints Plane joints |
- nonaxial joints - flat articular surfaces - short gliding movement - (intercarpal joint) |
|
|
|
Cells of epidermis Dendritic cells |
- star shaped dendrite cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis - "langerhans" cells |
|
|
|
Cells of epidermis Melanocytes |
- spider shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis |
|
|
|
Cells of epidermis Keratinocytes |
- produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties - arise from deepest part of the epidermis from cell layer called stratum basale - tightly connected by desmosomes |
|
|
|
Cells of epidermis Tactile cells |
- present at the epidermal- dermal junction - shaped like a spiky hemisphere, each tactile cell is intimately associated with a disc like sensory nerve ending |
|
|
|
Layers of epidermis Stratum basale (basal layer) |
- deepest epidermal layer, is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline that reminds one of corrugated cardboard |
|
|
|
Layers of epidermis Stratum granulosum (granular later) |
- consists of 4 to 6 cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically and the process of keratinization begins |
|
|
|
Layers of epidermis Stratum spinosum ( prickly layer) |
- several cell layers thick - these cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments, mainly tension-resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes. |
|
|
|
Layer of epidermis Stratum cucidum (Clear layer) |
- through the light microscope, is visible only in thick skin, is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum - consists of 2 or 3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes within distinct boundaries |
|
|
|
Layers of epidermis Stratum corneum (Horny layer) |
- an abrupt transition occurs between the nucleated cells of the stratum granulosum and the flattened anucleate cells of the stratum corneum - outermost epidermal layer is a broad zone to 20 to 30 cell layers thick that accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermal thickness |
|
