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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hunter Gatherer Affluence |
Sahlins: hunter gatherers do not need much and have their basic needs satisfied easily |
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Agriculturalists |
farming in fertile crescent, and domesticated animals |
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Pastoralism |
herding of animals, tended not to eat meat but gain other products from it |
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Optimal Foraging Theory |
Natural selection designed humans to maximize their rate of energy return relative to the amount of time spent foraging -search time -distance walked -handling/processing time -opportunity costs |
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Human Behavioral Ecology |
How behavioral variations are shaped by ecological circumstances |
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Milk Consumption |
less sunlight exposture->less vit D->more milk consumption->more vit D dependent on sunlight of geographic region |
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The Smoke Detector Principle |
its better to detect the smoke than miss a fire (precautionary alarm) bodily response may be greater than necessary with fevers, coughing, and vomiting |
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Behavioral Prophylaxis |
we do things to avoid disease and illness, like condoms keep people from getting STIs |
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what's the function of pain? |
to avoid using injured body part which may spread disease, cause infection, or further injury |
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Social Shaping Hypothesis |
early social relationships shape biological, social, and behavioral responses, including stress response-> calibrates systems involved in stress response |
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Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis |
know diagram the idea that a nutrient poor maternal environment may result in developmental programming where the offspring has a survival advantage of being more thrifty in the environment it is dealt |
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The Red Queen Principle |
when predators get faster, it causes evolutionary selection pressures on prey to get better at survival, a never ending arms race fitness increase i one evolutionary system will tend to lead to fitness decrease in another system |
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Antibiotic Resistance and Evolution of Virulence |
as we introduce more antibiotics, microbes adapt to be more virulent and vice versa increase virulence: spread by water, within host, or hospital conditions decrease virulence: personal contact, condom use, clean water |
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functions of emotions aversive and positive |
adaptations shaped by natural selection to help us respond effectively aversive= situations to avoid positive= situations that shape opportunity |
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Function of laughter and humor, sexual selection |
promotes, bonding, facilitates cooperation, signal of being less threatening but has drawbacks might be indicator of good genetic quality in a mate (think chris rock and platonic friends) displays of humor increase mens attractiveness, decrease women's |
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Guilt and Shame |
indicate social norm has been violated shame=group rejection guilt= present when others are aware |
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Why are so many people unhappy? |
1) discrepancies between modern and ancestral environments 2)There are adaptations that cause us to feel distress 3) We take pleasure in the downfall of others |
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How can understanding Evolution improve happiness? |
1) Close the gap between modern and ancestral conditions 2) Reducing Subjective distress 3) Managing competitive mechanisms |
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OCD |
causes obsessions- involuntary repetitive thought processes, generates risk scenarios compulsions- primitive harm avoidance behaviors |
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Anxiety |
anxiety alters our thinking, behavior, and physiology in advantageous ways but isnt always beneficial-exaggerated fight or flight response |
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Depression |
losses that cause sadness, may be losses due to reproductive resources, mates, reputation etc loss signals maladaptive behavior, allows us to disengage |
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Social Navigation Hypothesis |
depression is triggered when people have really complex social problems that affected fitness social rumination helps find solution to social probs |
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Analytic Rumination Hypothesis |
depression is triggered by analytically complex fitness related problems depressive symptoms help us sustain analysis, which equates to an unrelenting investigation of the social problem |
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Social Risk Hypothesis |
depression is triggered by negative social situations may cause group exclusion or low group value maintenance of group membership increase interpersonal sensitivity and submissive behaviors |
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Honest Signal |
A signal of adaptation that you cannot fake, can only be real if shown or happens |
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The contrast effect |
Modern environments appear to negatively impact how we feel- exposure to media images leads to dissatisfaction with our partners |
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How can Evo theory inform therapy? |
Antidepressants may be ineffective: interrupt problem solving, can lead to recurrence or dependence Therapies should target cause of depression |
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How can Evo theory inform therapy? |
Antidepressants may be ineffective: interrupt problem solving, can lead to recurrence or dependence Therapies should target cause of depression |
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Enhanced behavioral activation therapy |
ID punishing/ rewarding environments, make punishing aspects rewards |
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interpersonal therapy |
develop strategies to solve complex problems |
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Pregnancy sickness/morning sickness |
vomiting: expels toxin/pathogen nausea: high aversive, learn to avoid may prevent women from ingesting teratogens (toxins harmful to fetus) or pathogenic foods |
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common food aversions in pregnancy sickness |
meat, eggs, coffee, alcohol, borccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage |
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if pregnancy sickness is adaptive... |
then it must be specific threat must be significant and recurrent through EEA only avoid foods causing bad outcomes |
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fetus as a foreign body |
mother must decrease immunological response during pregnancy so it does not attack progesterone rises during loteal phase, if woman becomes pregnant levels continue to rise( stimulates decrease in natural killer cells which attack invaders) |
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Immunosuppression |
later in pregnancy, immunosuppression decreases immune response is at the lowest when women experience sickness |
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Cross-Cultural Universal (pregnancy sickness) |
73 societies have taboos for pregnancy food sickness appears to be widespread and in some cultures is the first outward sing of pregnancies recognized by all cultures in cultures where meat is not eaten as much, significantly less women have pregnancy sickness and vice versa |
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Other explanations of pregnancy sickness |
pregnancy sickness is byproduct of hormonal changes (Haig) we avoid strong tasting vegetables and spices because they contain teratogens (Profet) |
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Preeclampsia |
high blood pressure due to fetus trying to increase blood flow to placenta -protein in urine -endothelial cell dysfunction -abnormal invasion of the uterine spiral arteries -growth retardation in fetus due to lack of nutrients |
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Two phases of implantation and how it leads to preeclampsia |
1) Initial implantation soon after conception (7-10 days) 2) end of first trimester= deeper implantation to uterine lining to increase bloodflow to placenta poor second phase implantation=risk of preeclampsia |
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Davis and Gallup Hypothesis for adaptive significance of preeclampsia |
biological mechanism to terminate maternal investment in offspring when male support may be unlikely familiarity of semen=biological equivalent of paternal investment lack of paternal investment= poorer outcomes for children |
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what conditions make preeclampsia more common? |
donor insemination new partner barrier contraception frequently used less oral sex |
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proximate mechanisms? |
see notes |
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why are human babies born so early? what are altiricial mammals? why is the human pelvis so small? |
-pelvis changed due to bipedal locomotion -women's pelvis diff. than men's- impedes locomotion altricial mammals- at birth the young are poorly developed |
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Genomic Imprinting (silencing) |
biological label shows whether gene inherited from mother or father and determines which is active in offspring maternally imprinted=inherited from father=growth of embryo paternally imprinted= inherited from mother=growth suppression |
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Why do we have imprinted genes? |
evolutionary arms race between males and females in offspring investment pays men to have larger offspring even if it depletes mother pays women to have smaller investment in offspring |
