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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neurons |
carrying messages from the brain that command your muscles to raise your arms, think, plan even to dream. |
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dendrites |
receive information |
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soma |
main body of the cell |
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axon |
a long cable that projects trunklike from the soma and conducts outgoing messages to other neurons. |
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synapse (synaptic gap) |
the gap between the axon and dendrites |
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cereberal cortex |
-remembering, thinking, memory, emotions. -sensory messages: sight, hearing, taste,smell. -once messages take over perception is next. |
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corpus callosum |
the thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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cerebellum |
-a structure in the hindbrain involved in controlling coordination and balance. -if damaged our walking will be jurked. -drinking affects cerebellum. |
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association areas |
areas of the cerebral cortex that piece together sensory information to form meaningful perceptions of the world and perform higher mental functions. |
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frontal lobes |
the parts of the cerebral cortex, located at the front of the cerebral hemispheres, that are considered the "executive center"(memory) |
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hippocampus |
a structure in the limbic system involved in memory formation. |
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plasticity |
the ability of the brain to adapt itself after trauma or surgical alteration. |
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central nervous system |
-brain -spinal |
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peripheral nervous system |
-somatic ~afferent(sensory) ~efferent(motor) -automatic ~sympathetic ~parasympathetic
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3 different types of neurons |
1. afferent (sensory): receives the message 2. efferent (motor): picks up from senses and sends it. 3.inerconnective neurons: the go betweens. |
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reflex |
an automatic, unlearned response to particular stimuli.
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neurotransmitters |
chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. (chemical reaction) |
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reuptake |
the process by which the neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the transmitting neuron ( not balanced) |
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sensation |
the process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli from the outside world to create sensory experiences of vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell, and so on. |
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absolute threshold |
receives information about 50% of the time. |
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subliminal message |
-hidden messages -do get registered at times -influence behavior not control
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sensory adaptation |
-getting used to something -constant stimulation=ignore/wont notice |
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sight (stimulus light waves) |
1. wavelength: determines the hue or color we see. 2. intensity: how bright what we are seeing. 3. complexity: mixture of the wave lengths (colorblind) |
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sound ( stimulus soundwaves) |
1. frequency: # of waves per sec. determines the pitch. 2.strength: loudness 3. complexity: difference of sounds. ( hearing is developed prior to birth, naturally to decrease) |
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smell (stimulus olfactory) |
-animals and women release formones. -we tend to mask our odor ( deodorent, perfume) |
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taste |
- taste buds contain taste cells -sweet, sour, bitter, salty -taste relies on smell and sight
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touch |
-all throughout our body -parts of our body doesnt have pain receptors(brain, intestines) -when in pain our body releases endorphines to release the pain -when body gets mixed messages with touch, initial reaction would be "to get out" |
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perception |
the process by which the brain integrates, organizes, and interprets sensory impressions to create representations of the world. |
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organization of perception |
1. closure: close it out to perceive something 2. continunity: things are continuous 3. similarity: grouping things that are the same 4. proximity: close together |
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new information to perceive |
1. talk down processing: when we see something we process that way ( previous knowledge) 2. bottom up processing: breaking things down to know what it is.
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intelligence |
the capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment and pursuing ones goals
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Spearmen |
-specific intelligence -good at one specific thing |
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Sternberg |
-there is not just one type of intelligence but 3 1. addilitical: book smart 2.creative 3. practical: common sense & street smart |
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Binet-Simone |
-1st intelligence test -abundance of question and then came up with 2 terms. 1. mental age:how many questions you can answer 2. chronological age: actual age -test was taken over by Stanford University(came up with the IQ) MA/CA x 100 = IQ |
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SAT Test |
-biased against women, race -not based on the actual school -group setting -cultural diversity -things change
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Grades |
-best predictor of how well you'll do in college - people that do not do well w/ SAT
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Reliability & Validity |
-measures what it says it measures -consistent -has to occur when taking these tests (<---70 , 85, 100, 115, 130 --->) below| average | above ave. ave. |
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mental retardation (intellectual disability) |
-mild is most common -85% fall in this category -goes into average 6th grader -mild IQ is from 50-70 -most people in mild category is caused by environmental ( abuse, violence, lack of stimulation, drugs) |
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Genius |
-use brain more efficiently -is put in different classes or schools to increase stimuli
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nature & nurture |
-combination of both -only achieve what your born with
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Language of development |
what babies first start to do 1. cry 2. koo 3.babble (bababa) 4. one word sentences 5. telegraphic speech
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phenomes |
basic sound of no meaning
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morphemes |
the smallest units of meaning in a language ex: un|desire|able|s 1 2 3 4 ---> 4 morphemes |
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Rules of Language |
-symmantix: the meaning of words -sintax: order of the words ex. the white house ( correct) the house white ( incorrect) -telegraphic speech: 2 word sentences, noun +verb |
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Over-regularzation |
learning the symmantix rule ex: foots (pl) but not knowing the exception feet (pl) |
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think in basic units called concepts: forming concepts |
1. prototype theory 2. logical concepts: rules that fit in a category 3. natural concepts: dont fit the rule |
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Reasoning |
1. deductive: start w/ a large assumption then go to the specific ex: drinking at 21 2. natural concepts: dont fit the rule |
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Problem solving |
- we look for rules or strategies to solve our problems -trial & error -insight: all of a sudden an idea pops RULES 1. algorithms: fixed set of rules (directions) 2. heuristics: short cuts, things that worked for you in the past |
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Pitfalls to problem solving |
1. we dont analyze the problem correctly 2.we want to find the answer we want to find 3. functional fixedness: see things can only be use in one way ex: pen is ONLY a writing instrument
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Describe Piegat Theory of Intelligence |
Children did not think the same way as adults. We start off with schemas ( a mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment). We create them with the interactions with the environment. We assimilate (the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas) or accomodate (the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences). Intellecutural growth stems from the need of stimulus from the environment. |
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What is Intentional blindness |
when we are structured to focus on something, our brains are tuned out and miss something else. For example in the video we were so focused on counting the # of passes that we missed the guy that stood in the middle of the court and started dancing. |
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Explain Bilingualism |
Bilingualism is knowing more than one language. This should be taught as an infant since babies can adapt and make all the sounds, the younger the learn the brain will be ready, but no later then 10- 13 years of age because it will be harder to absorb the information. A pro for bilingualism is when children learn a 2nd language they are better at problem solving and creativity and a higher chance of getting a better and higher paid job. A con is the language development of their first language is delayed. |
