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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Retina |
membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity innnermost layer of the eye where incoming light is converted into nerve impulses |
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Optic Nerve |
Nerve that travels from the retina to the brain contains axons of ganglion cells connects to the retina at a blind spot |
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Localization of Sound |
Perceiving where sound is coming from Ex: echolocation |
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Sense receptors for smell and taste; location |
smell= olfaction, taste= gustation humans have over 1000 olfactory genes olfactory neurons contain a single receptor that use the lock-in-key method to recognize an odorant we detect taste with taste buds 5 different tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami |
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Pitch, loudness, timbre |
pitch- corresponds to frequency of wave; higher frequency higher pitch, lower frequency lower pitch loudness- the amplitude, or height of a sound wave(measured in decibels) loud noises have higher wave amplitudes timbre- quality or complexity of sound |
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Transduction- sensory adaptation |
the process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons |
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Selective Attention |
allows us to select one channel and turn off others, or at least turn down their volume, controlled by the the reticular activating system (RAS) and forebrain, which activate the cerebral cortex and frontal cortex |
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Just noticeable difference |
the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
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Top-down vs Bottom-up |
Top-down: conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and expectancies
Bottom-up: processing in which a whole is constructed from parts |
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The vestibular sense |
our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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Synesthesia |
a condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations ex: hearing sounds, when you see colors |
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Subliminal information processing and perception |
perception below the limen or threshold of conscious awareness |
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Somatosensory System |
Touch and Pain responds to stimuli applied to skin: light touch or deep pressure, hot or cold temp, chemical or mechanical injury that produces pain |
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Narcotics |
Opiate drugs: herion, morphine, codeine relieves pain and induces sleep |
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Psychedelics |
Hallucinogenic Drugs: LSD, mescaline, PCP, Ecstasy, marijuana causes dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and though |
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Stimulants |
Drugs like nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines increase activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure |
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Depressants |
Include alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium decrease activity of the central nervous system (initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration) |
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Narcolepsy |
disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep |
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Sleep Apnea |
disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue |
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Insomnia |
difficulty falling or staying asleep |
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Night Terrors |
sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep |
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Stages of Sleep |
EEG allows scientists to distinguish the major stages of sleep, along with two levels of wakefulness. Stages 1-4 re non-REM sleep while Stage 5 is REM sleep. non-REM sleep is when rapid eye movement does not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid. REM sleep is the stage of sleep where the brain is most active and vivid dreaming occurs most often. Stage1= theta waves Stage 2= sleep spindles and K complexes Stages 3 and4= Delta Waves Stage 5= REM sleep |
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Tolerance vs Withdrawal |
tolerance- reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect withdrawal- unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually |
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Circadian rhythm |
cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour bass in many biological processes |
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Positive Reinforcement |
presenting a stimulus, increases target behavior Ex: giving a gold star on homework, resulting in more studying |
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Negative Reinforcement |
removing a stimulus, increases target behavior Ex: static on phone subsides when you stand in a specific spot in your room, causing you to stand there more often |
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Positive Punishment |
presenting a stimulus, decreases target behavior Ex: scolding by a pet owner, reducing a dog's habit of chewing on shoes |
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Negative Punishment |
removing a stimulus, decreases target behavior Ex: confiscating a favorite toy, stopping a child from throwing future tantrums |
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Effects of Physical Punishment |
associated with more behavioral problems in children, can cause aggression |
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Extinction |
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Observational Learning |
a form of a latent learning that allows us to learn without reinforcement |
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Classical vs. Operant Conditioning |
classical- Pavlov's dog, form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neural stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response operant- Skinner, learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior
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Schedules of Reinforcement |
pattern of reinforcing behavior |
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Conditioned Response vs. Unconditioned Response |
conditioned response- response previously associated with a non neural stimulus that is elicited by s neural stimulus through conditioning unconditioned response- automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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Preparedness and Phobias |
Seligman proposed we can explain the distribution of phobias in the population by preparedness. Evolutionary we predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others |
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Stimulus generalization vs. Stimulus discrimination vs. Spontaneous recovery |
stimulus generalization- process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
stimulus discrimination- process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to a conditioned stimuli that differ form the original conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery- sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Skinner box |
small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded and unsupervised |
