Exam 2

Front 1

Discuss the likelihood of fertility problems and reasons for infertility

Back 1

15% of American couples have fertility problems. The risk increases with age 35+. Males- low sperm count, irregularly shaped sperm, low sperm motility, chronic diseases such as diabetes and infectious diseases such as STIs, injury to testes, autoimmune response in which antibodies produced by man deavtivate his own sperm, pituitary imbalance and/0r thyriod disease.
Women- irregular ovulation, obstuctions or malfunctions of the reproductive tract that are often caused by infectious diseases, endometriosis, declinding hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone that occur with again and may prevent the ovum from becoming fertilized or remaining inplanted in teh uterus.

Front 2

Can a women have sexu during pregnancy?

Back 2

Yes

Front 3

What are commond explanations for miscarriages? Issues relationg to teen pregnancy miscarriages?

Back 3

Chromosomal defects in the fetus and abnormalitites of the placenta and uterus, more commond amound oldger women. Teens not fully developed themseles, nutrients go to them first.

Front 4

Germinal stage

Back 4

conception to implantation where the zygote divides

Front 5

Embryonic stage

Back 5

Lasts until eighth week; follows two trends cephalocaudal and proximodistal and major organ systems begin to differentiate during this stage such as: nervous system, sensory organs, hair, nails, teeth and outer layer of skin begin to develop from the outer layer of cells, endoderm layer develops respiartory and digestive systems, mesoderm layer differentiates and evelops into repoduction, exretory and circulatory systems including skeleton, muscles, and inner layer of the skin. During the 3rd week head and blood vessels begin to form, 4th week a primitive heart begins to beat and pump blood.

Front 6

Fetal stage

Back 6

9th week until birth; baby responds to outside world, end of 1st trimester: major organ system,s fingers and toes, external genitals have been formed (sex of the fetus can be determined vissually), easy are clearly distinguishable, during 2nd trimester: child increases in size brain contributes to regulation of basic body functions, increased weight and length, hair growth; during 3rd trimester: organ systems enlarge and mature, movement to independent life increase.

Front 7

Amniotic sac

Back 7

The sac containing the fetus

Front 8

Placenta

Back 8

an organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between morther and fetus, allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes

Front 9

Indetify and discuss enviornmental factors that affect prenatal develpoment

Back 9

mother's diet-adequately nourished; maternal diseases and disorders-teratogens (alcohol, aspirin, Rh-positive anibodies, lead, mercury, radiation, viruses and bacteria; mother's use of drugs-some nonprescriptions drugs, illegal drug use

Front 10

what is amniocentesis?

Back 10

a procedure for drawing off and exmaning fetal cells in the amniotic fluid to determind the presence of various disorders in teh fetus

Front 11

Down Syndrome

Back 11

a chromosoal abmormality that leads to mental retardation, caused by an extra chromose on the 21st pair

Front 12

Sickle-cell anemia

Back 12

a congential form of anemia occuring mostly in blacks; characterized by abnormal blood cells having a crecent shape.

Front 13

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 13

a rae ftal hereditary disease, occuring chiefly in infants and children, especially of eastern European jewish origin, characterized by a red spot on te retina, gradual blindness and paralysis

Front 14

3 stages of childberth

Back 14

1st stage:uterine contractions efface and dilate cervix to about four inches
2nd stage: movement of the baby into the birth canal and ends with the birth of the baby.
3rd stage: placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal

Front 15

What is a cesarean section and when is it typically done?

Back 15

A method of childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen and it is done when there is a complication with the baby, early delivery, or to avoid giving the mother's STI to the child

Front 16

what is anoxia?

Back 16

oxygen deprivation

Front 17

What are the risks for a premature baby?

Back 17

heightened risk of infant mortality from asphyzia and infections to SIDS (sudden infant death syndrom), as well as neurological and developmental problems.

Front 18

Discust post-partum depression. What is it?

Back 18

Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period, involving feelings of despair and apathy and characterized by changes in appetite and sleep, low self-esteem and difficulty concentrating.