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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abiotic diseases
a. can not be demonstrated through transmission b. can be difficult to diagnose without good background information c. may be considered an injury or disease depending on their nature or duration d. all of the above e. b and c |
D
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Plants that are hemi-parasites
a. have chlorophyll and true leaves b. are not obligate parasites c. include true mistletoe d. a and c e. all of the above |
A
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Tomato spotted wilt virus is transmitted by which insect?
a. aphids b. thrips c. whiteflies d. leafhoppers |
B
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The pine wilt nematode is
a. is thought to be an introduced pathogen to the midwest b. affects several introduced pine species. c. is vectored by an insect d. a and b e. b and c |
E
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TMV acts as the following in the replicative machinery of the host.
a. ribosomes b. tRNA c. mRNA d. DNA e. Amino acids |
A
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Papaya ringspot potyvirus is now controlled in Hawaii by the use of what control strategy
a. insecticides to control the vector b. rogueing diseased plants c. cultivars that express the virus coat protein gene d. elimination of weed hosts |
C
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Viroids are plant pathogens that
a. are transmitted through vegetative propagation. b. are routinely detected using serological tests. c. are transmitted by thrips. d. lack a protein coat. e. a and d above. f. all of the above |
F
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VA mycorrhizae
a. are common on most plant root systems b. assist in the absorption of minerals for the plant c. reduce plant growth d. a and b e. all of the above. |
D
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Mycotoxins play an important role in plant diseases because
a. of their toxicity to animals b. increase the severity of symptoms on the host c. they aid in the formation of spores by the pathogen d. all of the above e. none of the above. |
D
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Chestnut blight is an example of a devastating disease that
a. is the result of the introduction of a foreign pathogen b. is the result of a new virulent race of the pathogen c. devastated forests in the eastern United States d. a and c e. b and c |
D
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Sick-building syndrome, talked about in lecture, is the result of
a. mold spores (fungi) that serve as allergens b. fungi growing in the respiratory tract of individuals that breath in the spores c. mycotoxins d. all of the above e. none of the above |
D
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All plant parasitic nematodes
a. have a stylet b. go through 4 juvenile stages c. are obligate parasites d. all of the above e. a and c |
D
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Survival of soilborne pathogens often rely on
a. resistant survival spores or structures b. a wide host range c. saprophytic growth on plant residue d. a and b e. all of the above |
E
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Saint Anthony’s fire caused by Claviceps purpurea
a. was associated by eating sclerotia of the pathogen b. caused symptoms in humans such as extremities falling off and hallucinations c. chemicals from these mycotoxins now have a number of medicinal uses d. all of the above e. a and d |
D
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Basidiomycetes spend most of their life cycle in what nuclear state
a. dikaryon b. haploid c. diploid d. none of the above |
Haploid
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II. Outer layer of a nematode that is lost during molting.
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2
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II. Eggs are produced without being fertilized.
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11
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II. Movement of host nutrients towards the site of pathogen invasion.
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30
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II. Nematode that feeds only on the exterior cells of the root.
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9
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II. Nematode that is completely inside the root tissue.
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17
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II. Rust that produces all spore stages on a single host.
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15
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II. Any biological organism that transmits a virus from an infected plant to a healthy
plant. |
19
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II. Structure composed of a compact mass of hyphae.
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26
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II. This material is sometimes used to manage plant viruses by disorienting the aerial
vectors of the viruses. |
31
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II. Fungal structure used to cement the fungus to the surface of the host and aid in
penetration. |
23
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II. Overwintering spore of the rusts and smuts.
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25
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II. Term used to designate the specialization of isolates of a fungal pathogen to cause
symptoms on one host species. |
6
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A parasitic plant that is common on broad-leaved trees in the South. Produces
chlorophyll and true leaves but requires a host to provide water and minerals. The pathogen causes cankers and branch death, but rarely kills the tree. |
A
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A parasitic plant that produces a characteristic yellow-orange vine. This parasitic
plant is a particular problem on forages such as clover and alfalfa grown for seed production. The vines may serve as a means of virus transmission. |
B
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A sedentary endoparasite. Once second stage larvae begin to feed on root tissues, cell
division is stimulated causing formation of characteristic root galls. Usually controlled by crop rotation or use of disease resistant cultivars. |
D
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A migratory endoparasite. All larval stages and adults are infective and feed in the
cortex of roots. A wide host range usually limits use of rotation as a control option in annual plants. |
E
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A common mechanically transmitted virus with a wide host range. The virus is very
stable and can survive in dried host tissues for several years |
F
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A sedentary endoparasite. Eggs can survive for long periods of time in the soil inside the remains of the female
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C
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A seedling invading smut. Teliospores infesting seed or in the soil initiate new infections. As grain heads develop, hyphae invade developing seed. During harvest, the outer tissues of infected seed break, releasing teliospores that infest harvested, healthy seed or fall to the soil.
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J
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An embryo invading smut. Dikaryotic hyphae from germinating teliospores infect plants only during flowering. Overwinters as dikaryotic hyphae in seed. Infected plants are taller and form heads earlier than healthy plants.
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K
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T/F
An epiphyte is a plant that is not a parasite of another plant species. |
True -
Epiphytes do not set up a parasitic relationship, but rely on other plants for structure |
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T/F
Ozone is a common component of urban smog. |
T
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II. Disease symptom caused by the production of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in urban smog.
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1
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T/F
Nematodes generally cause greater losses in coarse sandy soils |
T
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T/F
The most common symptom of iron deficiency is the yellowing (chlorosis) of interveinal areas of the leaves of new plant growth. |
T
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T/F
With persistent insect transmission of a plant virus, the insect is able to transmit the virus immediately after acquiring it. |
F
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T/F
Most plant viruses contain double-stranded RNA |
F
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T/F
With non-persistent insect transmission of a plant virus, the insect is able to transmit the virus for only a short period of time. |
T
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T/F
Conidia often serve as the inoculum for the secondary cycle in the disease cycle. |
T
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T/F
With circulative-propagative insect transmission of a plant virus, the insect is able to transmit the virus to its offspring. |
F
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T/F
Viruses are difficult to control because they are difficult to detect and identify. |
F
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T/F
Secondary air pollutants are converted to their toxic form by chemical reactions in the atmosphere in the presence of rain. |
F
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T/F
Wilt symptoms for the pine wilt nematode are caused by bacteria transported with the nematode as the bark beetle moves to healthy trees. |
F
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T/F
The simplest of plant viruses have the genetic information for as few as four proteins |
T
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T/F
For a heterecious rust the only spore stage that infects the same host is the aeciospore. |
F -
Urediniospore |
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You have a serious and increasing virus problem in your tomato field. Give two possible sources for how the virus was introduced to your farm? You do not know the identity of the virus. Give two possible causes for the spread of the virus in your tomato field.
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Introduced by:
Perennial Crops Insect Vectors Spread by: Insect Vectors Nematodes |
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Indicate the four spore stages of cedar-apple rust, the nuclear condition of the spores, and the host infected (if the spores infect a host).
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Spore
(Do not require an order as long as A is associated with the other A's, and B's with B's etc.) A) Pynciospores B) Teliospores C) Basidiospores D) Aeciospores A) Do not infect a host - arise from Basidiospores B) Do no infect a host - arise from Aeciospores C) Infects Apple D) Infects Cedar A) n B) 2N C) n D) n + n |
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II. Plant is unable to recover even if water thoroughly
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18
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Define:
Secondary Air Pollutant |
SMOG
Ozone and PAN (Peroxyacetyl Nitrate) |
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TMV
(Genetic Make-up, Transmition, Plants affected, and management) |
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
A positive single stranded RNA Virus Transmitted ONLY Mechanically and very stable Infects Solanaceae (Tobacco) Managed by resistant varieties and Cross Protection |
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ZYMV
(Genetic Make-up, Transmition, Plants affected, and management) |
Zuccini Yellow Mosaic Virus
Flexuous rod, positive, single stranded RNA Vectored by Aphids, non-persistently Infects Cucurbits Managed by Reflected Mulches and Crop Coverings |
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Define:
Cross Protection |
Inoculation with a mild strain to prevent infection with severe strains.
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BCTV
(Genetic Make-up, Transmition, Symptoms, Plants affected, and management) |
Beet Curly Top Virus
Wide Host Range Paired-polyhedral virions, ssDNA virus Symptoms: Leaf Curling, Vascular Discoloration Transmitted by leafhoppers (persistently), Managed by Resistant Cultivars, Weed control, and avoiding late and early planting |
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TSWV
(Genetic Make-up, Symptoms, Transmition, Plants affected, and management) |
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Enveloped virions, negative strand RNA Wide host range Symptoms - Leaf Distortion, Necrosis, and Severe Yield reductions Transmitted by Thrips (propagative circulation) Management: Reflective Mulches, Insecticides, weed control, and screens |
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Four Transmission Types of Viroids
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Mechanical
Vegetative Propagation Pollen Seed |
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Define:
Race (of Pathogen) |
A genetic make-up of a pathogen that causes a disease, but differs slightly from a related pathogen
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Define:
Transgenic Resistance |
Genetically engineering a resistant cultivar of plant
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Fusarium Wilt
(Host, Overwinter, Primary Inoculum, Symptoms, Control) |
Soilborne Fungus
Host: Cotton Overwinters as a Chlamydospore Primary Inoculum: Chlamydospore and Hyphae Infects and infests seed Symptoms: Wilting, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, and vascular discoloration Control: Crop Rotation, Control Nematode (requires nematode to penetrate) |
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Take All
(Host, Overwinter, Primary Inoculum, Symptoms, Control) |
Soilborne
Host: Grasses Worldwide Overwinters as Hyphae, Aeciospore in Perithecia Primary Inoculum: hyphae on roots Symptoms: small light green patches of turf, blackened roots Signs: Hyphae on stems Control: Aerification, and verticutting greens, low pH sands |
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Southern Blight (White Mold)
(Host, Overwinter, Primary Inoculum, Symptoms, Control) |
Stem Rot of Peanut
Hosts: over 500 plant species Overwinter: Sclerotia, hyphae Primary Inoculum: Sclerotia, and hyphae Symptoms: General chlorosis, wilt, plant death, near soil line cankers Control: Crop rotation (3-4 year) to Corn, Sorghum, Pasture Grasses, Avoid damage when cultivating plants, weed control |
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This disease of grasses and cereals causes early plant death. The pathogen survives as hyphae in diseased crown and root tissue from the previous season or parasitizing other grasses
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M
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This disease causes death of a wide range of plants in the southern United States. The disease is easily diagnosed by the white hyphae growing at the base of stems of affected plants and the presence of brown spherical sclerotia.
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N
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Rust that is an example of a heteroecious macrocyclic rust.
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i
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Control of this rust can be achieved by separating the two alternate hosts.
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L
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Disease caused by this pathogen often is associated with damage from plant parasitc nematodes
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H
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This virus has a very wide host range, including leguminous and solanaceous crops. The virus is often introduced into the crop from perennial hosts by the thrips vector.
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G
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This virus is introduced from weed hosts or by infected seed and is aphid transmitted. Some transgenic cultivars are now available for disease control.
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O
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