Exam 2

Front 1

The 25,000-year-old carved figurine, Venus of Willendorf, is associated with:

Back 1

The Great Mother Goddess.

Front 2

The first Paleolithic wall paintings were found in the caves of France and Spain just a short 100 years ago. The most recently discovered paintings, found in 1994 in the _________ , turned out to be the oldest (about 30,000 years old).

Back 2

Chauvet cave (France)

Front 3

Paleolithic period

Back 3

Old Stone Age

Front 4

Neolithic period

Back 4

New Stone Age

Front 5

Petroglyph

Back 5

Rock engraving

Front 6

Stonehenge was erected around 2,000 B.C.E., which we refer to as the _______ period.

Back 6

Neolithic

Front 7

All four ancient civilizations emerged in the valleys of the big rivers. Which territory was named Mesopotamia -"the land between the rivers?"

Back 7

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers valley (in Iraq)

Front 8

Sumer was the first civilization in a succession of Mesopotamian peoples/cultures.
The ancient Sumerians developed the world's first wheel, plow and _______.

Back 8

writing system

Front 9

The Sumerians worshiped their nature gods in shrines set atop gigantic platforms called ________, which were made of sun-baked bricks (core) and fired bricks (facing).

Back 9

ziggurats

Front 10

Egyptian pyramids were built to serve as:

Back 10

tombs

Front 11

Mask from Mummy Case was found in the tomb of which pharaoh?

Back 11

Tutankhamen

Front 12

Match these Stone Age objects of art to the locations where they were discovered:
- Earthenware Beaker
- Burial Urn
- Murujuga Petroglyphs
- Deer and Hands (Las Manos Cave)

Back 12

- Iran
- China
- Australia
- Argentina

Front 13

Match the following Mesopotamian and Egyptian art works with the correct medium:
- Lyre (from “The King’s Grave”)
- Head of Akkadian Ruler
- King Menkaura and Queen Khamerenebty
- Wall Painting from the Tomb of Nabamun

Back 13

- Wood, gold, lapis lazuli, shell, and silver
- Bronze
- Sandstone (Greywacke)
- Paint on dry plaster

Front 14

Relate these ancient architectural monuments to the correct culture/period:
- Stonehenge
- The Great Pyramids at Giza
- Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
- Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Back 14

- Neolithic Europe (England)
- Egypt, Old Kingdom (c. 2500 BCE)
- Mesopotamia (Sumer)
- Egypt, New Kingdom (c. 1450 BCE)

Front 15

Krater

Back 15

Vessel with handles (for mixing wine and water).

Front 16

Kouros

Back 16

Male youth.

Front 17

Kore

Back 17

Female youth.

Front 18

Classical

Back 18

Related to logical simplicity, balance and restrained emotion.

Front 19

who wrote a treatise on the perfect proportions and developed the canon (set of rules) for constructing the ideal human figure?

Back 19

Polykleitos

Front 20

In sculpture, contrapposto (meaning counter-poised) describes a pose, in which the weight is shifted on one leg and one part of the body is slightly turned in opposition to another.
The Greek statue of _________ is an excellent example of contrapposto.

Back 20

The Spear Bearer by Polykleitos, 5th century B.C.E.

Front 21

The Greek temple Parthenon was built in the classical period and dedicated to _______, the goddess of wisdom and protector of the Greek navy.

Back 21

Athena

Front 22

Capital

Back 22

Top part of column.

Front 23

Metope

Back 23

Square panel with sculpture (part of frieze, above the colonnade).

Front 24

Pediment

Back 24

Triangular area atop the narrow end of Greek temple (formed by gables).

Front 25

Entasis

Back 25

Slight swelling in the center of column.

Front 26

The Greeks developed three major architectural orders.
Match the orders with their descriptions.
- Doric order
- Ionic order
- Corinthian order

Back 26

- Oldest, simplest and most sturdy in appearance.
- Taller, more elegant capital enhanced with volutes.
- Complex capital composed of ornamental leaves.

Front 27

In the last 300 years B.C.E., the Greek city-states declined and a new artistic style was formed that was more dynamic and emotional. Mediterranean art created during this period is called _________ (meaning Greek-like).

Back 27

Hellenistic

Front 28

This work of art tells a dramatic story about the Trojan priest who tried to warn his people against bringing into the city of Troy the wooden horse (with cunning Greek warriors inside) - and for this, he was punished by the Greek gods.

Back 28

The Laocoon Group

Front 29

The Laocoon Group, when unearthed in Rome in 1506 (almost 2,000 years after its creation!), had a strong influence on the great Renaissance sculptor Michelangelo. Which statement is not true about this marble sculpture?

Back 29

It expresses the clarity, balance and restraint of classical art.

Front 30

There were three major periods in the history of ancient Greece – Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.
Find an example for each stylistic period (Match).
- Archaic period (rigid frontal poses, showing Egyptian influence)
- Classical period (proportional, balanced, restrained emotions)
- Hellenistic period (dynamic, theatrical, sensuous)

Back 30

- Kouros
- Spear Bearer
- The Laocoon Group

Front 31

This grandiose amphitheater, built in 80 C.E., was named _________ (meaning gigantic).

Back 31

Colosseum (in Rome)

Front 32

Rome’s greatest contribution was in the field of architecture. Introduction of innovative materials and techniques - such as concrete, arches, vaults and domes - allowed Romans to create interior spaces of immense scale.

____________ is the most celebrated ancient example of the large domed construction.

Back 32

Pantheon temple (in Rome)

Front 33

The Roman nobility loved luxury and decorated their villas with sophisticated wall paintings – vividly colored and showing some form of perspective.

The best preserved examples of these frescoes come from the city of _________ that was buried under the volcanic ash of Vesuvius in 79 C.E.

Back 33

Pompeii

Front 34

Coffer

Back 34

Decorative recessed square (on ceiling surface).

Front 35

Pantheon

Back 35

Temple dedicated to all gods (also, community of all gods).

Front 36

Portico

Back 36

Columned porch (entrance).

Front 37

Dome

Back 37

Hemispherical roof (half of a sphere).

Front 38

Which technique did the Christians use to render the holy images on the walls and vaults of the Roman catacombs?

Back 38

fresco

Front 39

The impressive head of the Roman emperor __________ represents a new type of sculptural portrait in the Late Roman Empire. It is one of a few remaining pieces of a colossal statue.

Back 39

Constantine

Front 40

In the 4th century C.E., the great Roman Empire was rapidly declining. In 330 C.E., Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to the ancient city of ________, which he renamed Constantinople (present day Istanbul, Turkey).

Back 40

Byzantium

Front 41

The interior of San-Vitale Church in Ravenna (Italy) is richly decorated with glittering mosaics. The Empress Theodora serves as an example of the Byzantine style, characteristics of which are listed below. There is one incorrect statement that asserts just the opposite - which one is it?

Back 41

Figures are depicted in a realistic manner - looking like real people.

Front 42

why are the Middle Ages called middle?
The Middle Ages (also called the medieval period) spanned a 1,000-year period between two classical cultures: Greco-Roman (when classical ideas emerged) and Italian Renaissance (when these ideas were revived).

Back 42

true

Front 43

Ireland was Christianized in the 5th century. After the fall of Rome, the Irish monasteries became the centers of learning and art. The monks were copying the holy books by hand and decorated these manuscripts with intricate interlacing patterns.
In which period of the Middle Ages was the Book of Kells produced?

Back 43

Early Medieval period

Front 44

The churches built in the Romanesque style look "Roman-like." Which characteristic is not relevant to Romanesque architecture?

Back 44

Lack of any sculptural decoration.

Front 45

The following characteristics describe Gothic architecture: pointed arches, flying buttresses (outer supports), and stained glass windows.

Which famous building provides an example of Gothic style?

Back 45

Notre Dame de Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)

Front 46

The stained glass windows, so typical of Gothic architecture, filled the churches with majestic light – a medieval metaphor for God’s divine presence.
The luminous round window, “Rose de France,” in the cathedral Notre Dame de Chartres is dedicated to ______.

Back 46

The Virgin Mary

Front 47

The Middle Ages are divided into three major periods that represent three styles: Early Medieval - Romanesque - Gothic.

Match these periods with their approximate time frames:
- Early Medieval period
- Romanesque period
- Gothic period

Back 47

- 5th -10th centuries (400s - 900s)
- 11th – 12th centuries (1000s - 1100s)
- 12th-14th centuries (1100s - 1300s)

Front 48

Observe these works of art and indicate the stylistic periods (styles), in which they were created (Match).
- Purse Cover (gold, enamel)
- Empress Theodora (mosaic)
- Christ of the Pentecost (sculptural relief)
- Notre Dame de Chartres (cathedral)

Back 48

- Early Medieval (Animal style)
- Byzantine style
- Romanesque style
- Gothic style

Front 49

Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is considered one of the most influential buildings in the history of art - in the next 2,000 years, its plan would be used for Christian cathedrals all over the Western world.

Observe the plan and reconstructed view of Old St. Peter’s.
Match the parts of the building with the terms.
- nave
- transept
- apse
- atrium

Back 49

- Central, main aisle of the church.
- Part (aisle) that crosses the main axis.
- Semicircular projection.
- Open entrance court (in front of a basilica and earlier in Roman houses).

Front 50

Basilica

Back 50

Rectangular building ending with an apse.

Front 51

Catacombs

Back 51

Underground burial chambers in Rome.

Front 52

Icons

Back 52

Small paintings serving as holy images.

Front 53

Tessera (pl: tesserae)

Back 53

Small piece of colored glass, ceramic tile or stone used in a mosaic.

Front 54

indicate the medium/technique for each work (Match).
- Christ and the Apostles (Early Christian art, catacombs, Rome)
- Christ as Pantocrator (Cathedral in Monreale, Italy)
- Madonna and Child (Byzantine icon)
- Christ as Pentecost (Saint Madeleine Cathedral, France)

Back 54

- Fresco
- Mosaic
- Painting (tempera on wooden panel)
- Stone relief

Front 55

The Renaissance period lasted about 300 hundred years (roughly 1300 - 1600) and has been traditionally revered for its artistic achievements. The French word Renaissance literary means "rebirth."
Revival of which culture gave this period its name?

Back 55

Classical Greece and Rome

Front 56

Which country was the homeland of the Renaissance?

Back 56

Italy

Front 57

This Italian artist is considered a precursor of the Renaissance.
As early as 1305, he departed from the abstract Byzantine style and began depicting the real feelings and appearances of human beings, as can be seen in his Lamentation fresco (Scrovegni Chapel, Padua).

Back 57

Giotto

Front 58

Observe the illusionistic rendition of a chapel niche in the Holy Trinity fresco by Masaccio. Which technique allowed him to achieve such a convincing three-dimensional effect in painting on a flat wall?

Back 58

linear perspective

Front 59

Among these great masters of the Italian Renaissance, four are painters and one is a sculptor. What is the name of the sculptor who revived the Greek ideal of a perfect human figure?

Back 59

Donatello

Front 60

Which fact alludes to a controversial aspect of Botticelli's mythological painting Birth of Venus, as it was seen in 15th-century Florence?

Back 60

A nude pagan goddess was placed in a position previously reserved for the Virgin Mary.

Front 61

Which fact about the Renaissance man Leonardo da Vinci is not correct?

Back 61

His works portray people in a stylized medieval manner, and not as individuals.

Front 62

Michelangelo gave the most powerful expression to the principles of classical sculpture.
The contrapposto of his monumental David - a pose with the weight of the body on one foot - was first introduced about 2,000 years earlier, by the classical sculptors of _____________.

Back 62

ancient Greece

Front 63

The Renaissance in Northern Europe inherited from medieval art the love for symbols. Thus, in The Arnolfini Portrait, painted by the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck, the dog is a symbol of fidelity, while the green color of the bride’s dress symbolizes _______.

Back 63

fertility

Front 64

Below are listed four great artists of the Northern Renaissance. One of them specialized in genre paintings, depicting the scenes of everyday life. He created a famous series of paintings showing the human activities of the twelve months of the year.

Back 64

Peter Bruegel

Front 65

Eliminate (check) the incorrect fact below about the life and work of the influential Venetian architect Andrea Palladio.

Back 65

His influence was limited only to Italy.

Front 66

Indicate which painter represents which stylistic period (Match):
- Masaccio
- Michelangelo
- Veronese
- Jan van Eyck

Back 66

- Early Renaissance in Italy
- High Renaissance in Italy
- Late Renaissance in Italy
- Renaissance in Northern Europe

Front 67

The oldest of three, a true Renaissance man; creator of Mona Lisa and Last Supper.

Back 67

Leonardo

Front 68

The world's greatest sculptor, who also painted the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel.

Back 68

michelangelo

Front 69

The youngest painter known for his gentle Madonnas and School of Athens fresco in Vatican.

Back 69

raphael

Front 70

Match the Renaissance artist with his contribution to painting (it will be helpful to review the previous questions).
- Masaccio
- Leonardo da Vinci
-Jan van Eyck

Back 70

- Linear perspective
- Sfumato and chiaroscuro
- Oil painting

Front 71

Match these works of art with the medium/techniques used.
- Birth of Venus by Botticelli
- The Babe in the Womb by Leonardo
- St. Paul Preaching at Athens by Raphael
- Mary Magdalene by Donatello

Back 71

- Tempera on canvas
- Drawing (pen and ink)
- Watercolor
- Carving (wood, partially gilded)

Front 72

petroglyphs

Back 72

rock art carvings that are made by scratching or pecking the surface of exposed stone.
ex: murujuga petroglyphs: thousands of carvings that depict humans, animals and mythic beings. up to 10,000 years old.

Front 73

ziggurats

Back 73

The Sumerians worshiped a hierarchy of nature gods in themples set on huge platforms called ziggurats, which stood at the center of each city-state.
ex: ziggurat of Ur-Nammu. in Iraq 2100BCE

Front 74

hierarchic scale

Back 74

Sizes of human figures are determined by social rank, a system known as hierarchic scale.
ex: in the wall painting from the tomb of nebamun the nobleman is the larges figure, his wife is smaller, his daughter smaller still. Thebes, Egypt 1450 BCE

Front 75

Why was the transition form Paleolithic to Neolithic cultures a major turning point in human history?

Back 75

bc ppl made the gradual transition from the precarious existence of nomadic hunters and gatherers to the relatively stable life of village farmers and herders. The agricultural revolution- this major shift from nomadic groups to small agricultural communities- stabilized human life and produced early architecture and other technological developments.

Front 76

What was/were the possible function(s) of the Woman of Willendorf?

Back 76

the pointy legs, lack of facial detail, and exaggerated emphasis on hips and breasts implies a specific purpose that we can only guess at. These figures may be the earliest known works of religious art, depicting the Paleolithic image of the creator- the great mother goddess.

Front 77

What are the distinguishing characteristics of a civilization?

Back 77

civilizations have cultures, or composites of cultures, that have fairly complex social orders and relatively high degrees of technical development. key elements are food production through agriculture and animal husbandry, occupational specialization, writing, and production of bronze by smelting lead and tin.

Front 78

What were the first four famous civilizations?

Back 78

Among the earliest major civilizations were those in four fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in iraq, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus River in west Pakistan and India, and the Yellow River in northern China.

Front 79

Why did the stylistic characteristics of ancient Egyptian art change relatively little over time?

Back 79

Deserts on both sides of the Nile diminished outside influences and enabled Egypt to develop distinctive styles of architecture, painting, and sculpture that remained relatively unchanged for 2,500 years- longer than the time from the birth of Christ to today.

Front 80

krater

Back 80

refers to the vessels of Euphronios krater by terra-cotta, handled shape, traditionally used for mixing ceremonial beverages.

Front 81

Kouros

Back 81

greek for male youth

Front 82

kore

Back 82

word for femal youth

Front 83

classical art

Back 83

emphaisizes rational simplicity, order, and restrained emotion.

Front 84

contrapposto

Back 84

on a statue bearing most of the weight on one leg
ex: Spear Bearer sculpted by polykletios of argos 5th century BCE

Front 85

entasis

Back 85

in the parthenon the colums have an almost impreceptible bulge called entasis above the center whcih causes them to appear straighter than if they were in fact straight-sided, andthis gives the entire structure a tangible grace.

Front 86

metopes

Back 86

above the colonnade square panels. these too promote greek culture.
ex: in the parthenon between each colum there are metopes atop.

Front 87

pediment

Back 87

the triangular area atop the narrow end of coloums.
ex: in the parlament the designers set a large scultpural group that depicted the birth of athena.

Front 88

capitals

Back 88

the most telling details for identification of the orders are the three types of capitals used at the tops of columns. Doric, which came first, is simple, geometric, and sturdy; ionic is taller and more decorative than doric; corinthian is complex and organic.
ex: the parthenon is in the doric order.

Front 89

portico

Back 89

A portico (from Italian) is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in Ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures.
ex: In the Pantheon, a major temple dedicated to all the gods, Roman builders created a domed interior space of immense scale. The building is essentially a cylinder, capped by a hemispherical dome, with a single entrance framed by a columned porch, or portico.

Front 90

coffers

Back 90

The dome of Pantheons diminishes in thickness toward the crown, and it is patterned on the interior surface with recessed squares called coffers, which both lighten and strengthen the structure.

Front 91

catacombs

Back 91

the romans first regarded christianity as a strange cult and suppressed it through law. this forced the followers of christ to worship and hider their art in private homes and underground burial chambers called catacombs.

Front 92

iconoclasts

Back 92

image-breakers. Iconoclasm[1] is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives.

Front 93

icons

Back 93

small paintings that are holy images that inspire devotion but are not worshipped in themselves.

Front 94

animal style

Back 94

eurasian nomads created a distinctive style known as the animal style. bc of their migrant way of life, their art consisted of small, easily portable objects such as personal adornments, weapons and fittings for saddles and harnesses. the style is characterized by active, interwinings shapes.

Front 95

romanesque

Back 95

the sylistic term romanewque was first used to designate european christian architecture of the mid-eleventh to the mid-twelfth centuries, which revived roman principles of stone constructions especially the round arch and the barrel vault.

Front 96

Gothic style

Back 96

the romaneque style had lasted barely a hundred years when the gothic style began to replace it in about 1145. The shift is seen most clearly in architecture, as the romanesque round arch was superseded by the gothic pointed arch. this new advance, coupled with the flying buttress, made possible some of the most spectacular religious buildings ever seen.

Front 97

flamboyant

Back 97

Of, relating to, or having wavy lines and flamelike forms characteristic of 15th- and 16th-century French Gothic architecture.

Front 98

Discuss the three different periods of Greek art, explaining the major characteristics of each and giving an example art work or structure.

Back 98

Greek civilization passed through three broad stages: the archaic period, the classsical period, and the hellenistic period.
- archaic period: from the late seventh to the early fifth centures BCE. the greeks assimilated influences from egypt and the near east. ex: in euphronios krater here we see the archaic "red-figure" style and depicts a scene from homers odyssey
- classical art: emphaizes rational simplicity, order and restrained emotion ex: kouros. statue of standing youth. greek,attic 580 BC

Front 99

Did the Romans copy everything from the Greeks? Explain, giving examples in art and architecture.

Back 99

the romans were practical, less idealistic than the greeks and thier art reflects these characteristics. they admired, collected and copied greek works, but their own art was not merely imitative. roman portraiture of the republican period, such as the portrait head of an old man, achieved high degree of individuality rarely found in greek sculpture.

Front 100

Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon to the Roman Pantheon, paying attention to architectural methods and materials.

Back 100

- greek parthenon: was designed and built as a gift to athena parthenos, godess of wisdom, prudent warfare and protector of the athenian navy. when incitinus and callicrates designed the parthenon, they were following egyption tradition of temple design based onthe post-and bean system of construction. the parthenon exhibits the refined clarity, harmony and viogr that are the basis of the greek triton.
- Roman Pantheon: a major temple dedicated to all the gods, roman builders created a domed interior space of imense scale. dimily lit. the greeks had niether the need nor the technology to create buildings with huge interior spaces; their parthenon was meant as a backdrop for outdoor ceremonies. in contrast, the pantheon is a magnificent, awe-inspiring interior space that complemented its once opulent exterior.

Front 101

Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon to Chartres Cathedral with attention to religious function.

Back 101

- chartres cathedral: was the center of community life. used for meetings, concerts, and religious plays. most of all places of worship. although the basic plan is symmetrical and logically organized, the architecture of Chartres has rich, enigmatic complexity that is quite different from the easily grasped totality of the classical parthenon.

Front 102

Compare and contrast the Romanesque style with the Gothic style. Pay attention to architectural methods and advancements. Where did these labels come from and what do they mean?

Back 102

- Romaneque style: Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, characterised by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. subjects and models came from miniature paintings in illuminated texts, but sculptors gradually added a degree of naturalism not found in earlier medial work.

Front 103

humanism

Back 103

Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).

Front 104

renaissance

Back 104

the intellectualls of the time were the first in european history to give thier own era an identifying name. litearlly means "rebirth"

Front 105

genre paintings

Back 105

such works that dignify everyday life. a genre depicting everyday life

Front 106

What was the significance of linear perspective for Renaissance artists?

Back 106

The careful observation of nature initiated by renaissance artists aided the growth of science.

Front 107

Can you name three cities where the High Renaissance flourished?

Back 107

Between about 1490-1530- the period known as the high renaissance-italian art reached a peak of accomplishment in the cities of florence, rome, and venice. the three artists who epitomized the period were Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. they developed stye of art that was calm, balanced and idealized, combining christian theology with greek philosophy and the science of the day.

Front 108

How does Sandro Botticelli's Birth of Venus reflect the Neoplatonic philosophy?

Back 108

To place a nude " pagan" goddess at the center of a large painting , in poition previously reserved for the virgin mary, was revolutionary. Botticellies focurs on classical mythology was, like Donatellos based on neoplatonist philosophy, a central preoccupation of the business-orinted secular art patrons who commissioned most renasissance art.

Front 109

Discuss the development of the Renaissance in Northern Europe and it's particular characteristics

Back 109

As the early renaissance was unfolding in italy, a parallel new intrerest in realizm arose in northern europe, where artists were even more concerned than the italians with depicting life in the real world. Jan van Eyck was a leading painter in Flanders, the region of present-day Belgium and adjacent parts of France and the netherlands. he was the first to use oil as a painting medium.

Front 110

bodhisattva

Back 110

a person who is on the point of achieving enlightenment, but delays it in order to remain on earth and teach others. bodhisattvas are usually depicted wearing rich garments and jewels.
ex: Bodhisattva.

Front 111

garba griha

Back 111

the sacred room where an image of the god is kept.
ex: in the hindu temple they have a womb chamber aka garb friha.

Front 112

taotie mask

Back 112

a composite mosnter with wings, claws and horns whose meaning is unfortunatley lost to us, but which appears on a great many chinese bronze vessels.
ex: The ritual vessel. china. 12 th century BCE . Cast bronze

Front 113

literati painting

Back 113

ex: poet on a mountain top.
Scholars in China and Japan whose poetry, calligraphy, and paintings were supposed primarily to reveal their cultivation and express their personal feelings rather than demonstrate professional skill. The concept of literati painters was first formulated in China in the Northern Song dynasty but was enduringly codified in the Ming dynasty by Dong Qichang. In the 18th–19th century, literati painting became popular with the Japanese, who exaggerated elements of Chinese composition and brushwork.

Front 114

Identify the religious ideas that influenced Chinese art.

Back 114

Chinese civilization up to the modern period was characterized by the interaction of three traditions: confucianism, Daoism, buddhism.

Front 115

Discuss how the style of rendering the human figure in India differs from that of the Classical West.

Back 115

this quality enlivens the small, masterfully carved male torso from harappa. Comparing this figure with the classical greek spear bear is highly instructive. the male torso seems fleshy; the underlying bone strucre seems difficult to notice. the spear bearer, in contrast, seems to have flesh integrated with a skeleton.