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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Mineral?
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A naturally occurring, inorganic substance.
With and orderly internal structure and definite chemical compound |
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Quartz, Feldspar and Diamonds are examples of what?
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MINERALS!
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What are minerals made of?
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at least two atoms bonded together. (ex: Salt=NaCl)
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What are rocks made of
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Minerals!
Aggregates of minerals |
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What are the 2 most abundant minerals in the crust?
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Feldspar and Quartz
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What is the most abundant mineral group in the crust?
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SILICATES!
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What is the building blocks of silicates?
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SiO4, or "Silicon Di-Oxide"
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What do you call the shape of a mineral?
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the crystal form
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What is cleavage?
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The plane in which a mineral breaks
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What do you call the mass per given volume of a mineral?
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Density
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What is the hardness of a mineral?
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the strength of the mineral
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What are the 4 diagnostic properties of minerals?
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Cleavage, Crystal Form, Density, and Hardness.
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The Scale from 1-10 on which the hardness of a mineral is measured, is called what?
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Mohs' Hardness Scale
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What is the hardest mineral according to Mohs' Hardness Scale (10)?
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Diamond
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What is the least hard mineral according to Mohs' Hardness Scale (1)?
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Talc
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What is quartz on the hardness scale?
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a 7!
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What are the 4 properties of precious gemstones?
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Cut, Clarity, Color, and Carat (weight)
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Diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds and examples of...
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precious gemstones
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what is the mineral name for a sapphire?
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corundum
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what is the mineral name for an emerald?
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beryl
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What are the origins of metals and gems?
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Igneous rocks, which form in magma chambers.
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Where is the diamond formed?
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Deep mantle depths, in whats called "kimberlite pipes" formed in the asthenosphere, 200 km into the mantle
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What is the rock cycle?
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The idea that any rock can become any other kind of rock, it is just a LONG SLOW PROCESS
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What are igneous rocks?
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Rocks from in the earth.
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Where are volcanic/ extrusive rocks formed?
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on surface, as magma cool after being extruded.
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Igneous rocks that are formed from magma that cools and solidifies INSIDE the earth are...
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Plutonic / Intrusive
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An igneous rocks that is fine grained is...
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volcanic/ extrusive
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Granite is an example of what type of igneous rock?
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plutonic / intrusive
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which kind of igneous rock is "fast cooling"?
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volcanic or extrusive
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which kind of igneous rock is "slow cooling"?
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plutonic or intrusive
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What are sedimentary rocks?
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the result of burial and compaction of preexisting rocks
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what are detrial sedimentary rocks?
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any rock that is made of weathered particles of other rocks that were transported to their current location
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how are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
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When water washes over and through rocks, some of the minerals from the rocks are dissolved and carried in the water
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What is the process of weathering?
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Disintegration of earths rocks--> forms sediment --> particles available for sedimentary rocks!
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What do you call the transport of sediment by a mobile agent?
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Erosion
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What are the mobile agents of Erosion?
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Ice, water, and wind
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What are fossils?
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Remains of ancient organisms petrified in sedimentary rocks
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Why are fossils only found in sedimentary rock?
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the organisms are covered in layers of sediment and become part of the rock
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what are metamorphic rocks?
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an existing rock (prolith) that has been changed as a result of pressure or high temperatures
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What do foliated metamorphic rocks look like?
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one which has a layered or banded appearance
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How are foliated rocks produced?
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heat and DIRECT pressure
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What is a non-foliated metamorphic rock?
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do not have a layered or banded appearance
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Gneiss, Shist and Slate are examples of what metamorphic rocks?
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foliated
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Marble and Quartzite and examples of what metamorphic rocks?
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Non-Foliated
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Which resources are non renewable?
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Mineral (metallic and non metallic) and Energy
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Iron, Copper and Lead are ex of what mineral resources?
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Metallic (a mineral resource)
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Stone, salt, and baking soda are ex's of what mineral resources?
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Non-Metallic (a mineral resource)
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What are Fossil Fuels?
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organic remains of organisms in sedimentary rocks which were cooked by the earth
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How is Petroleum (oil) produced?
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marine microscopic zoo plankton and algae, "oil" is in the organisms and when cooked the oil becomes less dense and rises to the top then harvested by humans
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What are the top 3 oil producing countries? (respectively)
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Saudi Arabia
Russia USA |
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Fossil Fuels make of what % of US energy needs?
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86%
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Burning fossil fuels releases what gas?
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CO2
(carbon dioxide) |
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What are renewable energies?
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Source that is regenerative on its own, energy cannot be depleted
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What are examples of renewable energies?
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Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Hydroelectric and Biomass
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What is a pyroclast?
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a fragmented volcanic rock that is ejected upwards -->EXPLOSIVE
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What is magma?
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molten rock inside of the earth
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What do you call magma that reaches the earths surface?
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Lava
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What are the two types of magma?
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mafic and felsic
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Which magma is high in silica content?
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Felsic, making it viscous
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Mafic magma is ____ in silica content?
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poor, about 50%
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Is mafic magma viscous or not?
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Not Viscous (moves easily)
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Basalt is an example of ____ magma.
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Mafic
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Rhyolites are an example of ____ magma...
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Felsic
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Viscosity is...
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the resistance to flow based on silica content and temp
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The higher in silica content the ____ viscous
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more (doesn't move easily)
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What is the most abundant volcanic gas
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H2O
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Magma at mid ocean ridges are ____ and ex would be _____
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Mafic; Basalt
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Magma at subduction zones is ____ and an ex would be _____
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Interm/ Felsic; Andesites
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Magma at Hot Spots is _____ and an ex would be _____
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Mafic; Basalt
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Where do most land volcanoes occur and why?
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Around the pacific basin because of the extensive array of subduction zones.
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Describe the shape of a shield volcano
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very gentle slope, convex upwards
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Lava at shield volcanoes is usually _____ which is ____ magma
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Basalt Lava Flows; Mafic
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Describe the shape of a strato-volcano
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gentle lower slope but has steep upper slope, concaves upward, small summit crater
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Lave at strato-volcanoes is ____
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variable, either interm or mafic
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Describe the shape of a cinder cone volcano
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straight sides with steep slope, large crater summit
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Mt St Helens and Mt Vesuvius are examples of what volcano edifice?
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Strato-Volcanoes
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What are plutons?
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rock formed beneath the surface of the earth by solidification of magma
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what is a batholith?
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an uplifted and visible pluton
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Sierra Nevadas are an example of
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uplifted batholiths/ solidified magma chamber
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Which state is an ancient subduction zone?
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California
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SO2 Gas Blocks what type of radiation?
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Solar
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What year was the "year without a summer" and why was it called that?
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1992 because SO2 cooled the whole earth
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What years were the Pre Cambrian era?
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4.6billion years ago--> 540 million years ago
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What % of the earth age does the Pre Cambrian time cover?
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87%
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The Palaeozoic era includes what time period?
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540 mill yrs ago-->250 mill yrs ago
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What do "Palaeo" and "Zoic" mean
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Palaeo=ancient
Zoic= life |
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What Era what the age of the fishes and amphibians?
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Palaeozoic
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What years does the Mesozoic Era cover?
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250 mill yrs ago-->65 mill yrs ago
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What does "meso" mean?
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Middle (mesozoic=middle life)
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What era what the age of the reptiles (dinosaurs)?
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Mesozoic
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What era goes from 65mill yrs ago until now?
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the Cenozoic Era
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Which Era means "recent life"?
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the Cenozoic era
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Which era is the "age of the mammals"?
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the cenozoic era
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Tree ring data can date back to about...
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50,000 years ago
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1 ring on a tree represent ____ year(s)
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one
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Ice core data is collected from where?
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antarctica and greenland
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How far back and ice core data go?
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about 600,000 years
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How far back can "seafloor spreading" date?
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180 million years
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At what rate does the seafloor spread?
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2cm per year
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Radioactive Decay can date back how far?
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billions of years
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What does radioactive decay measure?
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the amnt of element decayed, and the amnt of element that has been created by the decay
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How far back can the "expanding universe" date?
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14 billion years
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What does the principal of uniformitarianism state?
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present day processes have operated on earth in the geological past
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Principal of superposition:
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younger layers are deposited on top of older layers (oldest bottom, youngest on top)
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Principal of Cross-Cutting Relationships:
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if there's a fault cutting through some layers of rock, you know the fault it younger than the rock because the rock had to be there for the fault to cut through
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Principal of Horizontality:
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layers are formed initially flat, horizontal to surface
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How can we give rock a numerical age?
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We look at the radioactive decays of the unstable substance
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What makes something alive?
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they can: Reproduce, Metabolize, Adapt/Evolve, and Capture/Transmit energy
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What elements make up all organisms??
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CHON: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
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What do you call the massive die off of families and creatures?
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Mass extinction
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What is mass radiation?
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massive growth in number and diversity of families of creatures
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In what kind of rocks do we find fossils?
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Fine Grained Sedimentary Rocks
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In what environment do are fossils created?
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quiet marine environment
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What extinction occurred 250mya?
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The one between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic boundary. largest mass extinction ever.
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When did the K/T Boundary Extinction occur? (yrs and era)
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65mya, between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic boundary. End of dinosaurs
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5 Causes of Mass Extinction
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1)Plate tectonics/ Volcanoes 2) Climate Change 3)Ocean Currents 4)Biological 5)Impacts/Cosmic radiation
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What extinction is going on today?
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The quaternary extinction
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what is the current exterminating agent in extincting?
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Humans!
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2/3 of all large mammals have gone extinct in the last...
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50,000 years
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Which Groups are Currently at risk for extinction?
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20% of mammals and amphibeans
20% of all reptiles 30% of all freshwater fish |
