Exam 2

Front 1

For Kant, without the natural predispositions, it would be impssible for the mind to experience any kind or type of duties.

Back 1

True

Front 2

No rights and liberties are absolute

Back 2

True

Front 3

Kant held that self-respect is based on the recognition that the mind is the source of all moral duties

Back 3

True

Front 4

What does Prima Facie mean?

Back 4

-Based on first impression
-accepted as correct until proven otherwise

Front 5

John Stuart Mill argues the utilitarian doctrine maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired desinterestedly, for itself.

Back 5

True

Front 6

Mill thought that justice was a determined subjective cognitive experience much like the experiences of color are.

Back 6

True

Front 7

The synergistic model not only provides an understandin of how moral decisions are in fact made but it also provides undrstanding as to how moral agents ought to make moral decisions both individually and as members of a pluralisitic society.

Back 7

True

Front 8

The synergistic model does not depend on the existence of previous moral philosphies.

Back 8

False

Front 9

Mid-level principles from the doctrine of right are those rights and liberties that are consedered to be necessary for the maximaization of al citizens' freedoms in conformity with the end of perpetual peace.

Back 9

True

Front 10

The hermeneutical-circle and the hologram are analogies that illustrate how the synergistic model is a never ending, interrelated process, within a unified collective whole, i.e. a unified philosophy

Back 10

True

Front 11

For Mill the ultimate sanction of the greatest happiness morality was what?

Back 11

Conceiving oneself as part of a collective body

Front 12

Both Kant and Mill recognized the need ot have presuppositions.

Back 12

True

Front 13

Mill held that ultimate ends, or the summon bonnum, are unprovable.

Back 13

True

Front 14

Inductive model uses what type of justification?

Back 14

Bottom-up, emphasizes particular moral judgments

Front 15

Kant held that person's are oly free when they act on a priori knowledge.

Back 15

True

Front 16

Virtue is not very important for Mill

Back 16

False

Front 17

This model is more prone to heuristic errors

Back 17

Intuition model

Front 18

Mill argues that historically there has been a great amount of agreement on the foundations of morality.

Back 18

False

Front 19

The synergistic model is a new true philosophy

Back 19

False

Front 20

This philosopher used both the theory model and the intuition model.

Back 20

-Mill and
-Kant

Front 21

When using the synergistic model, the moral conclusions do not have the limitations that each of the processes have when used alone, i.e. theory model and intuition model.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Mill believed which of the following need to be controlled and enlightened by higher reason.

Back 22

-animal
-intellectual instincts

Front 23

A ;luralistic approach that implements checks and balances is not needed when making moral decisions. rather, the use of a pure theory model or a pure intuition model is sufficient.

Back 23

False

Front 24

Mill argues that justice implies that individual persons have civil rights and society has an obligation to defend them from being violated by other individuals and society itself.

Back 24

True

Front 25

For Mill, virtuous behaviors are much more certain than any other types of actions as the action is determined by a habit.

Back 25

True

Front 26

Intuitions or conscience ought never to be overridden by theory

Back 26

False

Front 27

One of the benefits of the synergistic combination of the theory and intuition models, is that they do not constrain each other.

Back 27

False

Front 28

Kant apposed the syncretistic process that is meant to please everyone in a pluralistic society that is content to know something of everything and nothing thoroughly.

Back 28

True

Front 29

Kant's philosophy of ethical duties states that the moral law can only prescribe maxims of actions not actions

Back 29

True

Front 30

In the scientific world it is currently possible to understand reality using just one theory or approach

Back 30

False

Front 31

The intuition model starts with what is known to be right or wrong, and then develops theories that reflects such knowledge.

Back 31

True

Front 32

Both Kant and Mill agree on the absoluteness of civil justice, and the flexibility or playroom of moral virtue.

Back 32

True

Front 33

Fagmentation in science has had the unfortunate consequence of making it less reliable.

Back 33

False

Front 34

This model has greater problems with desagreements thtat are unresolvable

Back 34

Theory Model

Front 35

Constitution rights and liberties are derivable from, compatible with, ora t least not in conflict with most theories or intuitions as they relate to the freedom of all citizens.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Many induviduals with great mental abilities were very prejudicial without the slightest indication that they knew they had this defect.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Which of the following is true for Mill about virtue?

Back 37

-Virtue is to be desired diinterestedly for itself
-virtue can be desired and cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a part of happiness
-the utilitarian standard requires the cultivation of the love of virtue.

Front 38

Mill held that secondary principles, and morives that are not moral duties, are permissible as long as they do not violate "the greatest happiness principle for all of society.

Back 38

True

Front 39

Why did Kant think that it made not rational sense to have a moral cammand to be happy?

Back 39

-Because there can only be moral commands of maxims of actions
-Because everbody already has such an inclination
-Because there can be no moral commands of emotions

Front 40

Like science, moral decision-making is also pluralistic. What theories, intuitions, mid-level principles, or combinations thereof are used depends on what is being deliberated.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Kant's natural moral endowments are the necessary conditions for moral duty.

Back 41

True

Front 42

For the theory model to exist, it must be created independently of all intuitions.

Back 42

False

Front 43

The hermeneutical circles states that:

Back 43

-in order to understand the parts there must be an understanding of the whole
-in order to understand the whole there must be an understanding of the parts

Front 44

This is when differing starting points psychologically influences individuals to be biased toward the initial starting point.

Back 44

-adjustment anchoring heuristic

Front 45

Intuitive decision-making that is independent of other rational approaches of decision-maiking can lead to systematic errors.

Back 45

True

Front 46

For Kant, indirect duties are those duties that are done for the sake of preventing or warding off temptations to violate one's duty.

Back 46

True

Front 47

The intuition model does not use intuition or conscience for its justification of what is right or wrong.

Back 47

False

Front 48

All deductive arguments, without exception, go from the general to the specific.

Back 48

False

Front 49

Kant believed that all persons have an obligation to acquire the moral endowments.

Back 49

False

Front 50

The synergistic model is referring to a collective consciousness.

Back 50

False

Front 51

Kant did not think that the moral law of duty was something newly discovered, rather it was a new explanation of how rational beings do infact make moral decisions.

Back 51

True

Front 52

Theories, mid-level principles, and intuitions are often times composed of many prima facie "rights and liberties" that have to be weighed and balnced.

Back 52

True

Front 53

Kant's categorical imperative states:

Back 53

-Act upon a maxim that can also hold as a universal law

Front 54

A person's Intuitions can at times be prejudicial and unjust.

Back 54

True

Front 55

Kant argued that there could never be a conflict of obligation, whereas Mill argues that conflict of obligations will arise under any moral system.

Back 55

True

Front 56

Disagreements on scientific or religious interpretations best fits which problem?

Back 56

Metaphysical disagreements

Front 57

Mill held that mankind has acquired positive beliefs as to admission of secondary principles or what is being referred to as mid-level principles

Back 57

True

Front 58

Kant defines a fanatic as someone who

Back 58

-takes nonmoral activites of life and makes them into moral activities
-promotes a type of "virtuous" tyranny

Front 59

True moral understanding is a unification of several modes of thought that ultimately can only be understood from the perspective of the unified collective whole.

Back 59

True

Front 60

Who wrote the following "the supreme principle of the doctirine of virtue is: act in accordance with a maxim of ends that it can be a universal law for everyone to have."

Back 60

Kant

Front 61

The synergistic model is a process that combines both the theory model and the intuition model.

Back 61

True

Front 62

Mill recognized that there are some moral systems that are able to avoid conflicting obligations or what is being referred to as mid-level principles.

Back 62

False

Front 63

The collective body was not important for Kant

Back 63

False

Front 64

Moral theories can override or help an individual to conform their intuitions to accepted theories that aid in the developmentof moral progress.

Back 64

True

Front 65

Kant criticized the process of cobining contradictory principles of morality as doing so results in shallow and dishonest systems of morality.

Back 65

True

Front 66

Mill presents five universal principles of justice and injustice and they are as follows:

Back 66

ALL

Front 67

Kant's phenomenal philosophy is based on:

Back 67

A priori knowledge

Front 68

During the whole past duration of the human species, mankind has already determined many positive beliefs as to what are moral actions and have developed them into mid-level principles.

Back 68

True

Front 69

Which of the following is true with regard to Kants Doctrine of Virtue?

Back 69

All

Front 70

When the size of a class is judged by the abailability of its instances, a class whose instances are easily retieved will appear more numerous than a class of equal frquency whose instances are less retrievable.

Back 70

Availability heuristic

Front 71

Kant held that the emotion of love cannot be commanded but love, as benevolent intererests, can be commanded.

Back 71

True

Front 72

Although it can be argued that the synergistic model is not a "pure model" that does not mean that it necessarily detracts from the merits of the "pure models"

Back 72

True

Front 73

Mill argued that it has been the disagreeents on the foundations of morality that has divided the most gifted intellects into various schools of though.

Back 73

True

Front 74

The synergistic model is like the social arrangement of a unified collective whole in that:

Back 74

-the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
-the parts can only be understood from the perspective of the whole
-the whole can only be understood from the perspective of the parts

Front 75

Some critics of Mill argued that if there are no absolutes and if the ends justify the means then unjust and immoral actions could be justified as long as they resulted in the greatest happiness of society. How did Mill respond to such critics?

Back 75

All

Front 76

Which of the following are the natural predispositions or moral endowments that Kant believed all persons have?

Back 76

All

Front 77

In intuition is defined as a priori knowledge then Kant's deotological moral frameworks can be defined as intuitionism.

Back 77

True

Front 78

Kant argued that if a contemporary philosopher were to discover "the true moral philosophy" then that would mean that :

Back 78

All

Front 79

There is universal agreement as to the criteria that is necessary for a general theory

Back 79

False

Front 80

Secification is the process in which theories and mid-level principles are developed conceptually and shaped normatively, so that they can be applied to particular curcumstances.

Back 80

True

Front 81

This model has the problem of justifying its first principle

Back 81

Theory Model

Front 82

Kant's maxims of actions prescribe what actions are permissible or not permissible.

Back 82

False

Front 83

What is it called when individuals take their accepted inuitions, and theories and mirroring them back and forth , making appropriate changes, until and equilibrium or balance is ahieved?

Back 83

All

Front 84

Utilitarianism and deontolgy are generally used as examples of what moral approach?

Back 84

Theory Model

Front 85

What are mid-level principles?

Back 85

All

Front 86

The synergistic model is a unifying model. As Kant describes, "the unity of the true priniples which unifies the whole of philosophy into one system."

Back 86

True

Front 87

Both Kant and Mill have been traditionally laeled as deotological and consequential theories respectively.

Back 87

True

Front 88

What are the ends that are also duties in the Doctrine of Virtue?

Back 88

-the happiness of others
-One's own perfection

Front 89

Mill's moral framework is a pure utilitarian theory model .

Back 89

False

Front 90

Kant's moral framework is a pure theory model i.e. top-down

Back 90

False

Front 91

Match the following

Back 91

Intuition model=tendency to promote change
deductive approach=tendency to resist change
inductive approach=tendency to promote change
theory model=tendency to resist change

Front 92

This model really has no need for the development of a general theory.

Back 92

Intuition Model

Front 93

Mill argued that it is only in cases of conflict between secondary principles (mid-level priciples) that it is requisite that first principles (Theory) should be appealed to.

Back 93

True

Front 94

Intuition Model is suitable for being a complete decision-making model.

Back 94

False

Front 95

Mill held that there is no case of moral obligation in which some secondary principle is not involved.

Back 95

True

Front 96

Mill aregues that it is because of imperfections or "fault" in the mid-level principles that moral agents must recognize exceptions.

Back 96

False

Front 97

Kant argues that in order to have a duty there must be sufficient grounds for such a duty. when two such grounds conflict, it is not that the stronger duty takes prcedence, rather it is the stronger ground of obligation that prevails.

Back 97

True

Front 98

Weighing and balancing, is a separate and independent process from specification.

Back 98

False

Front 99

Match the following

Back 99

A priori knowledge=knwledge gained without the use of sense data

A psteriori knowledge=knowledge based on sense data

Front 100

Kant argued that:

Back 100

-agents can determine the consequences of actions at best probable
-agents can determine what their moral duties are absolutely

Front 101

Kant did not believe that it would be arrogant, conceited and belittling towards all previous philosophers to claim that you have "discovered" teh one true philosophy.

Back 101

True

Front 102

Which of the following is true for Mill?

Back 102

All

Front 103

Science has incorporated a pluralistic approach in which reason, logic, and sense data are all used in differing degrees for different deteminations.

Back 103

True

Front 104

External justification is often times classified as "begging the question" or "circular argument."

Back 104

False

Front 105

The inuition model:

Back 105

ALL

Front 106

Mid-level principles are not the same as Mill's secondary principles.

Back 106

False

Front 107

The intuition model, independent of the theory model, is a comprehensive moral framework that is sufficient in describing how moral decisions are made.

Back 107

False

Front 108

Mill did not think it was morally necessary to conceive of oneself as part of a collective body.

Back 108

False

Front 109

Mill held that most person's actions are done:

Back 109

-not because of a motive of duty
-not because of "the greatest happiness principle for all of society"

Front 110

Which of the following is true of Kant's Doctrine of Right?

Back 110

Mathematically precise

Front 111

The end that is established by external laws in the Doctrine of Right is :

Back 111

Perpetual Peace

Front 112

Once a principle has been specified, it will no longer be necessary to specify the principle again when new decisions under new curcumstances need to be made.

Back 112

False

Front 113

Moral decision-making has traditionally been explained by using either the theory model or the intuition model.

Back 113

True

Front 114

Rights and liberties do not exist in a reciprocal rlationship that are mutually constraining.

Back 114

False

Front 115

Mill believed that:

Back 115

-people live most of their lives by appealing to secondary principles
-it is only when there are conflicting secondary principles that there is ever the need to appeal to the primary principle of utility-the greatest

Front 116

Theoretical apprach may be a better term than deductive approach, as some deductive arguments can go from the specific to general.

Back 116

True

Front 117

Society today has finally started to approach a unified agreement on the summun bonum (ultimate good).

Back 117

False

Front 118

Kant thought it made rational sense to have a moral command to submit one's subjective maxim to the universal consistency test as people's inclinations are often opposed to their obeying their sef-legislative maxims.

Back 118

True

Front 119

Kant's moral framework presupposes which of the following.

Back 119

God
Immortality
Freedom

Front 120

Kant argued for the Kngdom of end in which people collectively would consider each person's end as their own end.

Back 120

True

Front 121

Some objectors to utilitarianism claim that the standard that people should act from the inducement of promoting the general interest of society is too high for humanity. Mills response was:

Back 121

All

Front 122

The synergistic model unigies moral philosophy into one collective whole.

Back 122

True

Front 123

Kant argues that for science the objective experience usually precedes the general theory, wheras for morality the general theoretical test of what is right or wrong precedes the particular truths or objective actions.

Back 123

True

Front 124

Theory model has a tenency to promote moral change.

Back 124

False

Front 125

When people recognize that they have purpose and meanin in thier life and they then conlude that natural selection must therefore also have a purpose and meaning, what type of error would that be?

Back 125

Representativeness heuristic

Front 126

Mill prsents five universal principles of justice and injustice that he believed were close to being absolute.

Back 126

True

Front 127

The heuristic approach to decison-making is a top-down rational analysis approach.

Back 127

False

Front 128

Deductive model uses what type of justification?

Back 128

Top-down, emphasized ethical theory.

Front 129

The synergistic model is not necessarily a watering down process in order to please everyone, rather it can be a synergistic concentration of that which is true in philosophy onto a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

Back 129

True

Front 130

The synergistic model is a developmental process of practical moral philosophy.

Back 130

True

Front 131

Mid-level principles do not conflict with each other, in the sense that they are opposite obligations, rather mid-level principles mutually constrain each other.

Back 131

True

Front 132

There is universal acceptance of a comprehensive moral system.

Back 132

False

Front 133

With the synergistic effect, the whole can never be greater than the sum of its parts.

Back 133

False

Front 134

Match the following with regard to Kant's Doctrine of Right and Doctrine of Virtue.

Back 134

Right=Narrow duties
Virtue=Wide duties

Front 135

The model can have the problem of gray areas.

Back 135

Theory model

Front 136

Kant believed that a priori intuitions were necessary for oral decison-making.

Back 136

True

Front 137

Mill thought that inuitionism, without a moral theory to base the intuitions on, would result in an approach that would only justify each person's feelings and desires.

Back 137

True

Front 138

One benefit of the ituition model is its ability to adjudicate disputes

Back 138

False

Front 139

Mid-level principles are not mutually constraining, rather they are to be recognized as absolute and independent.

Back 139

False

Front 140

Match the appropriate approach for Kant's Doctrine of Right and Doctrine of Virtue.

Back 140

Right=bottom-up
Virtue=top-down

Front 141

Kant and Mill althought they agree on mid-level principles, they have deep conflicting concetions as to how they are to be specified, weighed and balanced, for particular actions.

Back 141

False

Front 142

Constitutional rights and liberties are not the same as mid-level principles.

Back 142

False

Front 143

Kant argues that sometimes the certain use of freedom can actually become a dindrance to other freedoms in accordance with universal law. However, cercion that limits any type of feedom is never morally permissible.

Back 143

False