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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social perception
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constructing an understanding of the social world from the data we get through our senses
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categorization
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tend to see things as members of groups rather than unique entitites
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prototype
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abstraction that represents the typical instance of a class or group
college students=backpacks, free time |
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schemas
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a well-organized structure of cognitions (belief, feeling, emotion) about some social entity such as a group, person, or role
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personal schema
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describe personalities of specific other
your mom, your sister, obama |
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self schema
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how we organize information about ourselves
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group schemas
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help us think about what types of actions might be typical of people in that group
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role schemas
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people occupying particular role and the information we have about them
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event schemas
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scripts, activities of the event, the order we expect activities take place. the role occupants of the event
--weddings, funerals, job interviews |
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impression formation
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when we come in contact with people, we form ideas of what they are like based off of that impression, organizing diverse information into a unified impression of another person
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trait centrality's
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the higher the level of trait centrality, the bigger the impact it has on the impression we form
warm v cold high trait centrality, more than polite v brunch |
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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an inaccurate statement or belief, by which altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true
ex: telephone article, men showed photo of attractive women were nice to women, rude to ugly women |
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heuristic
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thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments, when choosing what schemas to apply to different situations
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representative heuristic
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to judge something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category, take the few characteristics we know well, and select a schema that matches them, and that fills in the characteristics that we don’t know---leads to error
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availability heuristic
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to judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory
given two city names and asked to name the capital, you name the more familiar one as the capital |
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attitudes
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a predisposition to respond to a particular object in a generally favorable or unfavorable way
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heuristic function
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favorable attitudes towards things that reward us, unfavorable attitudes towards things that punish us
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schematic function
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attitudes about categories we have provide us with meaning and allow us to make inferences about members of a group and their behavior
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define and maintain self worth
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attitudes symbolize identification with different groups that we belong to
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protect person from thoughts/feelings that threaten self-image
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hostility toward parent, but feel they can't express that, so they direct attitudes towards other groups like authority figures, things that threaten peoples self esteem lead to more negative evaluation of other groups
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cognition
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an individual's perception of personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, how you perceive your own attitudes and beliefs
rape is wrong i like music |
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cognitive dissonance
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tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions, our attitudes change when our behavior doesn't match our attitudes
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post decision dissonance
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occurs after we make a decision, choosing between classes to take next semester, after we choose, we are excited for the class we pick, as opposed to the one we didn't choose
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counter-attitudinal behavior
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occurs when our behaviors and attitudes do not match, behavior inconsistent with attitude that you hold
ex: online extra credit, boring experiment |
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situational cue
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event or circumstance in social environment tell us what emotion is appropriate and when it is appropriate
ex: friend gibing you a present for you birthday |
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physiological response
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blushing, heart racing, physical uncontrolled response to a situation
ex: something associated with happiness |
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expressive gesture
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public channel of display for emotions
ex: smiling=happy, crying=sad smiling at your friend because they made you with their present to you |
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an emotional label
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giving word to the emotion felt
giving word to the emotion felt happiness |
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emotion work
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the act of trying to change in degree or quality an emotion or feeling
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cognitive technique--emotion work
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work to change image or idea or thought to change our feelings
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bodily technique--emotion work
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try to change the physical symptoms of an emotion
ex: slow down breathing when angry, get hands to stop shaking when nervous |
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expressive technique--emotion work
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public channels of display for emotions
smiling or crying |
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emotion management
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the work required to induce or inhibit feelings so as to render them appropriate to the situation
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surface acting
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efforts to manage the emotions of self and others through outward production of expressions, emotions managed from the outside--->in
*change the display, change the external mask ex: if you are happy at a funeral you look sad, you don't have to actually be sad, you just have to look sad |
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deep acting
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effort to alter internal feeling as a way to display an emotion to one's self and others, emotions managed from the inside---> out
ex: girls laughing in church, father tells them to think about their dog dying, felt sad immediately |
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feeling rules
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formal and informal rules that outline how we ought to feel in a particular situation
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emotional alienation
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a forced distancing between how we immediately want and need to feel in a situation and how we have to feel in a situation because of feeling rules
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emotional socialization
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being taught an emotional label, situational cue, recognize cause of emotion and what emotion is
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socioecentric model of emotional socialization
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the primary means of learning about emotions comes from social instruction, primary from family, friends, and schooling
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altruism
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helping that is intended to provide aid to someone else without expectation with any reward (opposite of selfishness)
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bystander effect
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a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders present
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pluralistic ignorance
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members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to act because they observe that others have not acted
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diffusion of responsibility
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peoples responsibility to act decreases as the group gets bigger
perceive less blame on us, less guilt as group gets bigger |
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infrahumanization
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people attribute in-group members with greater intelligence, language competency, and more capacity for a full emotions than out-group
Katrina |
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breaching experiments
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purposeful efforts to disrupt (or breech) assumptions that guide our conduct in everyday life as a way to make those assumptions visible
ex: standing the wrong way in the elevator, walking around with no pants on, tic-tac-toe |
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the attitude of daily life/natural attitude
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the taken-for-granted assumptions that we have as we go about our everyday life
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ethnomethodology
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an approach to sociology that studies taken-for-granted methods the ordinary people use to make sense of and act in the world
studies the natural attitudes through breaching experiments |
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deviance
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any thought, feeling or behavior that departs from acceptable practices in a society or group
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reflexivity
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process by which individuals think about a behavior within its social context and giving meaning to it
ex: drinking a beer in class=not acceptable, drinking a beer at a bar=acceptable |
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labeling theory of deviance
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argues that deviance is a consequence of a social process in which a negative characteristic becomes an element of an individual's identity
an individual becomes deviant through the acceptance of a deviant label |
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primary deviance
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the initial act that causes others to label the individual as deviant
initial label brings social penalties |
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secondary deviance
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occurs after an individual accepts the deviant label and continues to commit deviant acts, thus supporting the initial label
ex: mental patients accepted label that family and psychiatrists were giving them, came to accept definition of self |
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moral career
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when a deviant lifestyle becomes a normal part of an individual's life
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retrospective interpretation
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reinterpretations of past behaviors in light of the person's new role as deviant
ex: twisted normal case histories to fit label of schizophrenia |
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stigma
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an attribute that is deeply discrediting in interaction
1) physical deformity 2) being part of a social group with a low cultural status 3) something viewed culturally as a character flaw (mental illness, addictions, etc) |
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passing
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attempts to hide an undisclosed stigma by concealing information about it
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covering
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keeping a known stigma from creating tensions in interaction by downplaying it
ex: falling out of a wheelchair and laughing |
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neutralization
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• strategy in which we accept attribution of deviance given to rule-breaking act but offer an account explaining why we should not be labeled deviant for engaging in the act, allow people to show that they agree with larger societal values, but they also allow them to give an account as to why they shouldn’t be seen as deviant as a result of behavior
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denial of responsibility
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this act is considered deviant, but the act was out of my control
missing exam, had flat tire |
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denial of injury
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the act was deviant, but no one was harmed by particular act
ex: student cheating on homework, however homework was worth so few points that it is irrelevant and didn’t hurt anybody |
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denial of victim
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acknowledges that someone was harmed, but the person should not be defined as a victim
ex: argument of retribution, because it was righting an earlier wrong a person had committed yes I cheated, but the professor graded me unfairly on previous assignment |
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condemning the condemners
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questions the moral of whoever is doing the labeling
ex: wrong to cheat, however the professor grades unfairly, shifting blame to the professor |
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appealing to higher or other loyalties
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loyalty to family, friends, religious group, gang, etc
ex: cheating is wrong yes, but I was doing it to help my best friend |
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claims of normality
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yes it was wrong, but everyone is doing it
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tertiary deviance
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redefining "deviant" acts, attributes or identities as normal or even virtuous, trying to change societal definitions of something
NAAFA trying to change societies definition of being overweight and that is not a bad thing |
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medicalization of deviance
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ways in which social problems-including mental health-have come under boundaries of medicine
1) power and authority of the medical profession 2) activities of social move |
