Exam 2

Front 1

DIGESTIVE TRACT

Back 1

BEGINS at- lips
ends at- anus

Front 2

accessory glands

Back 2

-pancreas
-gall bladder
-liver
-salivary glands
-teeth
-tongue

Front 3

GI tract

Back 3

- one long tube
- entire gut from mouth to anus measures 9meters
- takes food 24-36 hours to pass through tract
- 1000x many bacteria in gut as there are stars in the sky

Front 4

mouth

Back 4

- digestion begins; chews foods and mixes with saliva
- we secrete nearly 1 liter of saliva a day

Front 5

salivary glands

Back 5

contains a starch- digesting enzyme

Front 6

pharynx

Back 6

swallows chewed food mixed with saliva

Front 7

esophagus

Back 7

moves food to stomach

Front 8

liver

Back 8

- makes bile which aids in digestion/absorption of fat
- "food processor"
- stores, processes, and releases nutrients into the blood
-

Front 9

pancreas

Back 9

- releases bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents
-produces enzymes that digest proteins, carbs, and fats

Front 10

gallbladder

Back 10

-stores bile
-releases it into small intestine when needed
- stores bile
- after a meal is consumed the gallbladder squeezed bile into intestine
-

Front 11

small intestine

Back 11

- completes digestion
- absorbs food into blood or lymph

Front 12

large intestine

Back 12

-absorbs water and some vitamins/minerals
- home to essential bacteria
- passes waste materials

Front 13

anus

Back 13

opens to allow waste to leave the body

Front 14

peristalsis

Back 14

movement of wavelike muscle contractions which move food along the stomach, esophagus, and intestines
- result of circular smooth muscles contracting behind the food bolus as it travels along the esophagus
- in small intestine moves food and also mixes with chyme to aid in digestive process

Front 15

sphincters

Back 15

ring like muscles
- regulate blood flow through GI tract

Front 16

DIGESTION

Back 16

process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts for absorption so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy

Front 17

chain:

Back 17

food-->digestion-->nutrients-->health

Front 18

mechanical/physical breakdown

Back 18

voluntary- chewing (mouth)
involuntary- mixing (stomach)

Front 19

chemical breakdown

Back 19

-assisted by digestive secretions
- enzymes

Front 20

enzymes

Back 20

protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions; not changed during reactions
- most enzymes are secreted by pancreas

Front 21

breakdown: carbs

Back 21

carbs-->simple sugars-->monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
-amylase (begins digestion of starch in the mouth)
- maltase, sucrase, lactase

Front 22

breakdown: proteins

Back 22

protein-->amino acids
enzyme- proteases, rennin, pepsin
- in small intestine and stomach

Front 23

breakdown: fats

Back 23

fats-->fatty acids--> glycerols--> other glycerides
enzyme- lipase
- most in small intestine
- some in mouth and stomach

Front 24

amylase

Back 24

enzyme breaks down starch in the mouth into shorter chains of glucose

Front 25

stomach

Back 25

mucus- coats the lining of our stomach to prevent it from digesting itself

Front 26

stomach secretions

Back 26

-acid
- rennin
- pepsin
infants stomach- secrete rennin and gastric lipase

Front 27

stomach acid

Back 27

- kills bacteria
- reduced clumps of food into smaller particles
- denatures proteins for digestion
- activates enzyme pepsin for protein digestion
- signals pancreas to secrete enzymes for digestions of food
- initiates peristalsis of intestines
- aids in absorption of B12
- inhibits amylase

Front 28

pepsin

Back 28

enzyme for protein digestion

Front 29

bolus

Back 29

food

Front 30

chyme

Back 30

broken down particles of food

Front 31

enzymes for carb digestion

Back 31

-pancreatic amylase
- maltase
- sucrase
- lactase
- dextrinase

Front 32

pancreatic amylase

Back 32

breaks down starch into smaller glucose chains and maltose

Front 33

maltase

Back 33

breaks maltose into glucose

Front 34

sucrase

Back 34

breaks sucrose into fructose and glucose

Front 35

lactase

Back 35

breaks lactose into glucose ad galactose

Front 36

dextrinase

Back 36

breaks short chains of glucose into glucose molecules

Front 37

rennin

Back 37

enzyme aids in break down of protein
in stomach- curdles milk into protein casein

Front 38

pepsin

Back 38

breaks proteins into polypeptides and amino acids
- present in stomach acid as pepsinogen (inactive form)

Front 39

trypsin

Back 39

break proteins into polypeptides in small intestine

Front 40

chymotrypsin

Back 40

break proteins into polypeptides in small intestine

Front 41

carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase

Back 41

breakdown polypeptides into dipeptides and amino acids

Front 42

lipase

Back 42

enzyme for fat digestion
- breaks down triglycerides into mono glycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol

Front 43

BILE

Back 43

-EMULSIFIER
- produced in liver (400-800 ml/day)
- stored in gallbladder
- complex fluid containing water, electrolytes, organic molecules, that flow into small intestine
- facilitates absorption in fats/fat soluble vitamins
- aids in digestion
- digestion of fat and its transfer from intestine to body

Front 44

chylomicrons

Back 44

- consist of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
- lipoproteins made by small intestine
- packaged specially bc fats are hydrohobic
after fats are broken down into FA and MG they reform into triglycerides in the small intestine. Then are combined with phospholipids, protein coat, and cholesterol
** this allows fats to move through water-bathed cells of the body

Front 45

lipoproteins

Back 45

-chylomicrons
- VLDL
- IDL
- LDL
- HDL
- enter through lymphatic system
- travel through thoracic duct
- enable fats to move through water-based bloodstream

Front 46

time of digestions

Back 46

mouth- seconds
esophagus- secs
stomach- <3 hours
small intestine- minutes
large intesine- hours on hours

Front 47

hormones

Back 47

- control functions of digestive system
- produced and released by mucosa of the stomach and small intestine
- stimulate digestive juices and organ movement

Front 48

digestive hormones

Back 48

- gastrin
- somatostatin
- secretin
- cholecystokinin
- gastric inhibitory peptide

Front 49

GI disorders

Back 49

- GERD- backward flow of acid from stomach into esophagus
- colorectal cancer
- constipation
- emesis

Front 50

GERD

Back 50

- do not eat before bed
- eat smaller meals
- avoid greasy foods, coffee, spicy foods
- stop smoking (stimulates stomach acid production)

Front 51

colon cancer risk factors

Back 51

- high consumption red meat
- lunch meats
- high fiber intake reduced risk of colon cancer

Front 52

colonic fermentation

Back 52

produces a series of short-chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate, and butyrate, which are required for healthy colonic cell growth and have many other health promoting functions in the body

Front 53

probiotics
sources-

Back 53

-friendly bacteria for fermentation- probiotics
- improve microbial intestinal balance
- yogurt

Front 54

pre biotics
sources-

Back 54

-certain fibers in food support probiotic bacteria
- fiber
- stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in colon
- inulin, polydextrose, resistant starch
- onions, artichokes, wheat, grains, leafy greens, garlic honey