Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the most common cause of upper respiratory obstruction?
-signs and sxs: mouth breathing, snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, recurrent otitis media) |
Adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy
|
|
|
If you have a blue baby who gets better with crying, what should be on your ddx?
|
choanal stenosis/atresia
|
|
|
Choanal Stenosis/Atresia:
Openings from the nose to the posterior pharynx do not appear and they are obstructed Rare cause of airway obstruction in neonates Oxygenation that Improves with crying (blue babies that get better when they cry) Diagnosis -Unable to pass ... through nares -CT scan Treatment – ... |
catheter
corrective surgery |
|
|
... - Immaturity and a lack of structural integrety (hardness), or strength of the airway. Usually appears in kids whose cartilage has not hardened.
|
Laryngomalacia
|
|
|
Laryngomalacia:
-Appears as ... at birth or shortly after -... stridor predominates -No ... component -Less apparent when asleep or crying -Exacerbated by upper respiratory ... -Diagnosis *... -Treatment – none unless poor growth, then surgery |
stridor
Inspiratory expiratory infection Bronchoscopy |
|
|
Subglottic Stenosis:
-Congenital or Iatrogenic -More common in ... -Stridor is ... -Worse when ... -Exacerbated by upper respiratory infection -Diagnosis – Endoscopy -Treatment – none/laser surgery |
trisomy 21
biphasic crying |
|
|
Mass lesions:
... – found in subglottic space -Always look for other ... -Diagnosis – endoscopy -Treatment – laser surgery, steroids, time ... -Benign tumors in airway -Usually less than 2 years old -Exposure to maternal genital warts -Treatment – laser therapy, often poor response |
Hemangioma
hemangiomas Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomatosis |
|
|
...:
Congenital anomalies of the aortic arch and its tributaries, causing varying degrees of compression on the trachea and esophagus 5 Types -Double aortic arch -Right aortic arch -Anomalous right subclavian artery -Anomalous right innominate artery -Anomalous right common carotid artery |
Vascular Rings
|
|
|
Vocal Cord Paralysis:
Unilateral or bilateral Caused by damage to the ... nerve -Left RLN runs near ... *Trauma .Neck ... at birth .Mediastinal lesions *Congenital .Arnold-Chiari malformation .Hydrocephalus .Intracranial hemorrhage .Dysgenesis of the nucleus ambiguous |
recurrent laryngeal
aorta traction |
|
|
...:
Primary causes -Parainfluenza 1,2,3 -Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) Most common in 6 months to 3 year olds Peaks in fall and early winter Horseness, heavy breathing type sound, inspiratory stridor, fever, respiratory distress. Pts w/ this don’t look terribly sick. |
Viral Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
|
|
|
What X-ray finding would you see with croup?
Would leukocytosis be common or uncommon? |
steeple sign
uncommon |
|
|
Viral Croup Treatment:
-Nebulized racemic ... -... = 0.6 mg/kg -Keep child calm -Observe 2-3 hours following racemic epi -***May need hospitalization if stridor present ...*** -Prognosis – excellent, illness generally lasts about 5 days |
epinephrine
Dexamethasone at rest |
|
|
If you hear someone with a “hot potato” (muffled) voice and they look sick, think of ...
|
epiglottitis
|
|
|
Epiglottitis is most commonly caused by ..., although now much less common b/c of the vaccination. It typically occurs in children 1-5 yrs old, and it is a ...!!!
|
H. influenza type b
medical emergency |
|
|
Epiglottitis – S&S:
... position (head forward, mouth open) ... – bracing themselves on their arms ... – high WBCs |
sniffing
tripodding leukocytosis |
|
|
epiglottitis diagnosis:
Clinical X-ray - ... sign Direct ... -Only by anesthesia/ENT in OR -Shows swelling, inflamation in larynx -Cherry-red glottis -If very severe may need tracheostomy |
thumb
laryngoscopy |
|
|
Epiglottitis:
Treatment -Empiric/anticipatory ... -Amino penicillin or ... (better choice) -Intubation usually no longer needed after 48-72 hours -Full recovery if care begun before hypoxia or anoxia |
intubation
3rd generation cephalosporin |
|
|
... - Bacterial superinfection of the trachea usually following viral croup
Primarily ... (organism) Signs and symptoms -High fever -Cough -Stridor Diagnosis -Clinical suspicion – from recent hx of croup -Endoscopy Treatment -Empiric intubation, Culture, empiric antibiotics (vancomycin, 3rd generation cephalosporin, possibly clindamycin). follow up culture results and tailor therapy |
bacterial tracheitis
staph aureus |
|
|
... – super-infections of the parapharyngeal spaces
-Parapharyngeal -Retropharyngeal -Peritonsillar Frequently ..., sometimes staph |
soft tissue abscesses
strep |
|
|
...:
Signs and symptoms (Stridor, Fever, drooling, Swelling of midline or wall of posterior pharynx, Odynophagia/dysphagia, Neck pain) Diagnosis -Contrasted CT scan of neck Typically they have a visible finding in the neck. Very painful. They don’t tend to want to eat or drink. |
Neck Abscess
|
|
|
...:
Sudden onset Nighttime No upper respiratory prodrome Treatment -Cool air -Humidified air |
Spasmodic Croup
|
|
|
W/ foreign body aspiration, CXR may show ...; and bronchoscopy may be required
|
air trapping
|
