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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When were x-rays discovered? |
Nov 8, 1895 By: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
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1st radiation fatality in 1904? (Thomas Edisons Assistant) |
Clarence Daily |
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When was CT Developed? |
1973 |
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What are the basic quantities measured in mechanics? |
Mass= Kg Length= Meter Time= Second |
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Every measurement has 2 parts what are they? |
Magnitude= Amount Units= must be standard to equate |
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Quantities |
1) The basic quantities are the building blocks..Supporting derived quantities. 2) The derived quantities are made up of the basic quantities. 3) The special quantities seen here are specific radiology |
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Absorbed dose |
Energy transferred from ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material expressed in RAD or GRAY t |
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Dose equivalent |
Radiation quantity that is used for radiation protection protection and that expresses dose on a come scale for all radiation. * expressed in Rem or Sievert |
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Effective Dose |
*Sum of specified tissues of the products of equivalent dose in a tissue and the weighting factor for the tissue. |
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Exposure |
Measure of the ionization produced in air by x-rays or gamma rays. *Quantity of radiation intensity expressed in Roentgen Coulombs per kilogram, or air kerma |
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The distinguishing feature of matter is? |
Mass |
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The equivalence of energy? |
Mass |
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Ice and steam are two forms of? |
Matter |
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Matter is measured in? |
Kilograms |
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Energy is measured in? |
Joules or Electrons Volts |
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Ability to do work by virtue of position? |
Potential Energy |
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Energy of motion |
Kinetic Energy |
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A moving object has what kind of energy |
Kinetic Energy |
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Energy related by a chemical reaction |
Chemical energy |
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Work that can be done when an electron or a electronic charge moves through an electric potential |
Electrical Energy |
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Energy of molecular motion: heat: infrared radiation |
Thermal energy |
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Energy contained within the nucleus of an atom |
Nuclear Energy |
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The basis for the theory that led to the development of nuclear power (Mass energy equivalence) HINT= a formula |
e=mc'2 |
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Type of energy in x-rays, radio waves, microwaves,and visible light. |
electromagnetic energy |
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Radiation consisting of self- sustain oscillating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation |
Electromagnetic energy RANDOM |
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The energy of X-rays is? |
Electromagnetic |
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These are particles but are not part of the electromagnetic energy spectrum? |
Alpha and Beta |
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____ Is capable of removing electrons from atoms as it passes through the matter |
Ionizing radiation |
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Removal of that electron is called? |
Ionization |
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The transfer of energy was sufficient enough to remove the orbital electron to create an? |
Ion pair |
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The electron becomes a Negative Ion ( ) and the atom is a positive ion. |
Free Radical |
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this includes radio waves, lights, and x-rays as well as other parts of the spectrum. |
Electromagnetic energy |
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Ultraviolet light, X-rays, and Gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation and are the only forms with sufficient enough _____ to ionize |
Energy |
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Filtration is used to? |
Absorb low energy x-rays |
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*Cosmic rays *Terrestrial radiation * Internally deposited radionuclide *Radon These are created by man or Naturally? |
Naturally |
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*Diagnostix x-rays *Nuclear power generation *Research applications *industrial sources *Consumer items These are created by man or naturally? |
Created by man |
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____ x-ray exposure is the largest source of man-made radiation exposure? |
Medical xray |
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We are exposed to ____ of ionizing radiation from natural environmental sources in the U.S. |
20-90 mR/yr |
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R (Roenthen) |
* Common unit is R * SI units are Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg) or AIR Kerma (Gya) * Measures exposure in air and is not used to express absorbed dose to individuals * A measure of ionization in air as a result of exposure to x-rays or gamma rays *It does not relate the amount of exposure to biological effects of radiation in the human body |
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Roentgen continued |
The quantity of x-radiation or gamma radiation that produces the quantity 2.08x10(9) ion pairs per cubic centimeter (cc) of air, for a total charge of 2.58x10-4 coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) (Coulomb is a quantity of electric charge) |
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Radiation absorbed dose |
* common unit is rad * SI unit is GRAYt (Gyt) *Measures the amount of energy absorbed in any medium, defined as 100ergs of energy absorbed in 1 g of absorbing material *Used to measure energy absorbed by the body but not as a measure of the relative biological effect (Harm or risk) **1Gy=100 Rad |
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Radiation equivalent Man |
* common unit is rem *SI unit is severe (Sv) *Accounts for different types of radiation and their biologic effects *Expressed as the product of the absorbed dose in rad and a radiation quality factor (Rem= Rad*QF) |
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Radiation Equivalent Man Continued |
*Occupational radiation exposure is recorded in rems. *1 rem= 0.01 Sieverts *1Sv=100 rem *Different types of radiation have different quality factors (QF) |
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Curie |
*Measures the activity of a radioactive material (Radionuclide) *used in a nuclear medicine and radiation therapy *The curie (Ci) is the unit of activity equal to 3.7x10(10) disintegrations per second (dps) * SI unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq) *Defined as on disintegration per sec (1dps) * 1 Ci=3.7x10(10) Bq |
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John Dalton |
Developed a sound atomic theory based on scientific evidence |
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Dmitri Mendeleev |
Organized known elements into a periodic table |
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Niels Bohr |
*Atoms have 3 fundamental particles *Electrons *Protons *Neutrons *The quantity of each is unique to the matter or element it compses |
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Modern Theory |
*The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons (Called Nucleons) *Orbiting the nucleus are electrons in defined energy levels and distances from that nucleus. |
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Electrical Charge |
Is a characteristic of matter, whether it is a subatomic particle, an atom, or a large object, |
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If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons what kind of charge? |
*No net charge , equal amounts cancel eachother out. *Cause of change involves the gain or loss of an electron |
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If the atom gains an extra electro what charge? |
*negative charge *Negative ion or anion |
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If an atom gains an extra electron what charge? |
* positive *positive ion or cation |
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A nucleus is held together by? |
A strong nuclear force, creating a binding energy |
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Binding energy |
Creates a strong attraction in the nucleus, overcoming the natural tendency for like charges to repel * holds protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus *Is a measure of the amount of energy needed to split an atom |
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Nuclear binding energy and electron binding energy are determinate of X-ray production |
The two types of atomic interactions in the x-ray tube that produce x-rays are as follows * Characteristic *Bremsstrahlung |
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Characteristic interactions |
*Involve the removal of orbital electrons from atoms. *The penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on the difference in electron binding energies of the electron shells involved |
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Bremsstrahlung interactions |
*Involve attraction to the nucleus of the atom and the penetrating strength (energy) of the x-ray photon produced depends on nuclear binding energy |
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Electrons |
*do not all occupy the same orbit at the same distance from the nucleus |
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An atom has defined energy levels |
Each at a different distance from the nucleus. *these energy levels are called electron shells and describe a sphere around the nucleus |
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______ orbit three-dimensionally around the nucleus. |
*Electrons *They are not simply orbiting the nucleus in a single plane. |
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Electron shells |
*lettered beginning with K nearest to the nucleus *Each shell has a limit to the number of electrons that it can hold. *2n squared *Max number is 8 in the outter most shell (Octet rule) |
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Atoms represent ___ for interaction |
Targets |
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The more complex the atom the____ the opportunity for interaction. |
Greater It would be easier for an archer to hit a target that is 3 feet in diameter than on that is 3 inches in diameter |
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Atomic Mass Number= |
A=# of protons plus the number of nucleons (Atomic Weight) |
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Atomic number |
Number of protons in nucleus *number of protons determines chemical element, therefore with radioactive decay, element changes.... I.E uranium to radon |
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Covalent Bond |
Chemical union between atoms formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
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Ionic Bond |
Bonding that occurs because of an electrostatic force between ions |
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Elements |
The simplest forms of substances that composes matter |
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Atoms |
From the greek word atoms, meaning invisible. the basic building block of matter composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons |
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Protons |
Subatomic particle with one unit of positive electrical charge a mass of 1.673x 10'-27kg |
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Neutrons |
Subatomic particle with no electrical charge and amass of 1.675 x 10'-27 kg |
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Electrons |
subatomic particle with one unit of negative electrical charge and a mass of 9.109x10'-31 |
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Nucleon |
Tightly bound protons and neutrons and contains most of the atomic mass |
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Rutherfords Experiments |
in 1911 showed that the atom was composed of a nucleus with an electron cloud |
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Bohr Model |
Electrons surrounded the nucleus in shells, each shell is assigned a principle quantum number beginning with one for the k shell, 2 for the L shell ad so on. The number in each shell can contain is 2n squared |
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Electron binding energy |
The work that is required to remove an electron from an atom, the electrons orbit the nucleus is defined energy bands or shells k shells are strongest ect |
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Nuclear binding energy |
The nucleus is held together by a strong nuclear force creating a binding energy. |
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Periodic table |
118 elements 92 natural 26 artificial |
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The first person to describe an element as being composed of identical atoms was |
John Dalton |
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The periodic table was developed by Mendeleev in the late? |
19th century |
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The smallest particle that has all properties of an element is? |
Atom |
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Periods |
vertical same number of electron shells |
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Groups |
Horizontal same number of electrons in the outer most shell |
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The principle quantum number |
The shell number of the shell |
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Shells |
*Reveal how an atom reacts, *The first 4 shells are applicable with the last 3 subshells, being more complex and not important to rad sciences. *They are able to boast more than 8 electrons on their outermost shell |
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_____ Combines with other atoms to form molecules, therefore the number of protons determine the chemical behavior |
Chemically |
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______ increases as you move through the periodic table |
Complexity |
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The closest an electron is to the nucleus, proton, the greater the? |
Binding energy |
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In normal state atoms are electrically? |
*Neutral. *If an atom gains an extra atom or has one removed, it is ionized, if an X-ray transfers its energy to an orbital electron and ejects that electron, it creates an ion pair. |
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The force that keeps an electron in orbits is?? |
Centripetal force |
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Same atomic #, different atomic mass# |
Isotopes/ same protons |
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Nucleus with same atomic mass # but diff atomic # |
Isobar, Same atomic mass # |
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Atoms with same # of neutrons but diff # of protons |
Isotope same neutrons |
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Same atomic # and same mass# |
Isomer= metastable |
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cheat for iso..... |
P means same number of protons N means same number of neutrons A means atomic number is the same E means everything remans the same but with different amounts of energy |
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Combinations of atoms |
Molecule compound |
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Molecule |
Group atoms of various elements held together by chemical forces, them smallest units of a compound that can exist by itself and retain all its chemical properties |
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Compound |
a chemical compound is any quantity of one type of molecule. |
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hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen make up what % of the human body |
95% and 80% is just water |
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Electron binding energy |
*The closer to the nucleus the more tightly it is bound. *Takes more energy to ionize a larger atom than a smaller one |
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Covalent Bond |
Sharing of electrons *an outermost electro from one atom begins to orbit the nucleus of another adjacent atom in addition to its original nucleus * can be thought of as a figure 8 |
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Ionic bonding |
*Based on the attraction of opposing charges *one atom gives up an electron and one atom takes an extra electron *The difference in electrical charge bonds them |
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An atom that gives up an electron has a net ____ charge |
Positive charge or a cation |
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An atom the gains an electron has a net ___ charge |
Negative or anion |
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Radioactivity |
The emission of particles and energy in order to become stable. *Radioisotopes *Radioactive half life |
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atoms exists in abnormal state, to reach stability? |
The nucleus emits particles and energy to transform itself |
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Electromagnetic energy |
travels at the speed of light (3X10'8 m/s) |
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Half life is the time required for? |
a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to half its value |
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x-ray energy is most important in medical imaging why? |
Due to penetrability and low ionization making it diagnostically useful in relationship to the associated risk |
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X-rays are produced _____ nucleus and gamma is formed ____ nucleus |
*outside *from |
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Types of ionizing Radiation |
*Particulate radiation -alpha and beta particle *ElectromagneticRadiation -xray and gamma x rays |
