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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some characteristics of middle to late childhood? |
-feeling all their own -more ready to learn -expansive imagination -sense of wanting to make things: well or perfect -seek to know/understand -remarkable intelligence/curiosity -parents are important influence and peers/friends -enjoy present moment (not future or past) |
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What happens physically in this age? |
Become: -taller -heavier -stronger -adept |
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what are the important areas that changes occur at this age? |
1. skeletal/muscular system 2.the brain 3. motor development -changes are slow and consistent, calm before adolescence |
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What is going on in the skeletal and muscular system? |
-elementary school- grow average of 2-3 inches a year until 11 years -gain 5-7 lbs a year - muscle mass/strength increase - baby fat decrease - muscular strength is due to heredity and exercise- dbl strength -proportional changes- most pronounced- head and waist circumfrence, leg length decrease= body weight, and less noticeable- bones continue to ossify (harden) |
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What is the average height for girls and boys at this age? |
-girls- 4 ft 9 inches -boys- 4 ft 7 3/4 inches |
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What is the average weight gain for this age per year? |
-5 lbs to 7 lbs a year |
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____ are stronger than _____ at this age? |
boys are stronger than girls... |
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What important things happen in the brain during this age of development? |
-changes in the brain are linked to cognitive development -increased myleniation- which improves the speed of processing information and communication to higher regions of the brain (cerebral cortex) -total brain stabilizes at this time, but various structure/regions still change- brain pathways/circuitry continue to increase |
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The process of encasing axons with fat cells? |
Myleniation |
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What does myleniation affect? |
Improved: -attention - reasoning -cognitive control |
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What does the pre-frontal cortex control? |
-the functions of many other brain regions (development) -neural network connections -coordinates the best neural communication for solving a problem at hand |
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What did the study of brain scans show about the thickening of the brain? |
-improved language ability in reading for 5-11 year olds |
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What increases and decreases in the brain during this time? |
-diffuse- large areas to more focal, small areas -synaptic pruning- areas of the brain not being used lose synaptic connections and those used increase -study- 7-30 years- less diffusion and more focal activities (Pre-frontal cortex) are linked to advances in executive function |
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What are the areas of cognitive control? |
-focusing attention -reducing interfering thoughts -inhibiting motor actions -being flexible in switching between competing choices |
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What are the important features of motor development for this age? |
-become more smooth and coordinated- 1/1000 can hit a tennis ball by 3 and by 10/11 can learn -running, climbing, skipping rope, swimming, bike riding, skating -above causes great enjoyment, pleasure, and accomplishment - boys outperform girls in this area -gain control over bodies -can sit longer -far from being physically mature- need to be active -become more fatigued by sitting for long periods of time, not exercise -physical activity is essential to development skills |
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increased myleniation is important fine motor skills- use hands as tools, what are some examples of things that can be done at certain ages?
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-at 6: can use a hammer, paste, tie shoes, fasten clothes,
- 7 years: hands are steadier, prefer pencil, less reversal of letters, print smaller -8-10: use hands independently with ease and precision (cursive, letter size is smaller and even) -10-12- manipulate skills like adults, produce crafts, play music instruments, girls usually outperform boys in this area |
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What are the main issues in child health at this age? |
1. nutrition 2. exercise/sports 3. overweight children 4. Diseases 5. Accidents/injuries |
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What is going on with nutrition at this age? |
-average body weight doubles -exert lots of energy -need to eat more -value of a balanced diet- eat like families eat -acquire taste for certain foods |
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What calories are needs for ages 1-3, 4-6, and 7-10 per day? |
-1300 -1700 -2400,or 1650- 3300, depends on size |
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what are fast foods of? |
- high sugar, starch, excess fat |
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Which meal is most important and should make up 1/4 of the days calories and what are the benefits? |
-breakfast -more energy, more alert |
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Importance of exercise? |
-do not get enough -has positive outcomes -studies have shown that it is important to development -study: high intensive resistance program shows decreased child body fat and includes muscle strength -study- high level of physical activity=lower level of metabolic disease risk, cholesterol levels, waist circum., insulin levels -research: diet only/diet plus exercise produces weight loss and metabolic profile, adding exercise improves has even more benefits. -research: exercise program with 3 weekly session- 60 min or longer - lowers systolic/diastolic blood pressur -research- aerobic= cognitive skills, memory attention, effortful/goal directed thinking and behavior, and creativity -MRI study: physically unfit 8-11 year olds, overweight as children- daily aerobics for 8 months- flexible modulation of neural circuits -study: moderate aerobics important in children cognitive inhibition control |
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________ are more likely than __________ to limit boys/girls sedentary behavior. |
-Mothers -Fathers |
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Why are the nation's school at fault for lack of exercise? |
-lack of physical ed. |
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what does screen time result in? |
-low activity levels -obesity -being overweight -less physically fit -higher cholesterol at 26 years |
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What are the positives of organized sports? |
-changes lives -both positives/negatives consequences -provides exercise -learn how to compete -enhance self-esteem -persistence -develop peer/friend relationships -better quality of health -stronger for boys and less likely to become obese -girls 10-12, more than 3 hours a week, 59% less to become overweight/obese than those who do not play |
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Negative effects of sports? |
-pressure to achieve/win -physical injuries -distracts from academics -unreal expectations |
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What ages are most likely to suffer from different kinds of sports related injuries? |
-5-12 years: traumatic, upper extremities -13-17 years: chest, hip, pelvis, spine, over-use -16-18 years: 39% life threatening-sports related, 1/4 of pediatric spinal fractures |
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Where do concussions occur most? |
-youth football |
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what are the main disease/death related to childhood that are less preventable? |
-obesity -cancer -diabetes -cardiovascular disease -asthma -injuries/accidents |
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Being overweight/obese is prevalent...? |
-in the US and all around the world |
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What does BMI mean and what is the formula? |
-Body Mass Index -height/weight |
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what are the statistics of being overweight, at risk for children this age? |
-95% overweight -85% at risk |
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Children of what ethnicity are more likely to have high blood pressure than those who are not? |
-Chinese |
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U.S. _________ are more likely than ______ to be overweight than in other countries? |
-girls -boys |
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____________ children are more likely to be overweight/obese than non-latino/weight children? |
-African American/Latino |
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Being overweight as a child puts you at risk as an _______. |
-adult |
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children with high BMI's/weight circumfrence are more at risk for ____________ as an adult? |
-metabolic syndrome- obesity, high blood pressure, T2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease |
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What factors are linked to being overweight? |
-Heredity/environment |
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What are the risk factors linked to heredity and being overweight? |
-having a parent that is overweight or parents -body types -height -body fat composition -metabolism |
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What are the environmental factors linked to being overweight? |
-avail. of food -use of energy saving devices -level of physical activity -parents eating habits -context of eating -screen time-increases risk |
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What are the consequences of being overweight in children? |
-medical/psychological problems -diabetes -high blood pressure- very common -high cholesterol -social/psychological: low self-esteem, depression, exclusion from peer groups |
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According to a study how are most overweight children viewed as by their peers? |
-less attractive -more tired -socially withdrawn -teased more |
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What kinds of treatment do we use for children who are overweight? |
-diet -exercise -behavior modification |
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What affects activity levels in children? |
-motivation to engage -caregivers modeling/motivation |
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What is Behavior modification? |
-children are taught to monitor own behavior when it comes to food (food diary) |
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What role do parents play in preventing their children from being overweight? |
-encourage healthy eating habits -family meals -healthy food available -reduce avail. of sugar foods -structure |
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What are the top diseases that affect children? |
1. Cancer 2. Diabetes 3. Cardiovascular disease 4. Asthma |
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Cancer facts? |
-2nd leading cause of death in US (5-14 years) -1/330 children develop cancer before 19 -numbers have risen |
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What does cancer do? |
-attacks the white blood cells (leukemia) -characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells |
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What are the different kinds of childhood cancer? |
-leukemia -brain -bone -lymph system -muscles -kidneys -nervous system |
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What is the most common type of childhood cancer? |
-Leukemia- bone marrow- abnormal amount of white blood cells - crowd out normal cells- children become bruised and have infections |
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Cancer is more deadly in _______ ? |
-children - more advanced in first diagnosis- spreads to distant parts of the body- 80% in children |
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______________ still needs to be done in the area of cancer in children. Possible ___________ links may be to blame? |
-research -genetic |
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With advanced ___________ children can live longer with cancer. |
treatments |
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80% of children have this type of cancer and can be cured with current chemo treatments. |
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
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Diabetes facts? |
-most common chronic disease in children and adults -increased in the US and over the world |
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autoimmune disease in which the bodies immune system destroys insulin cells? |
-Type 1 diabetes |
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most common type, body is able to produce insulin, but may be insufficient or the body cells may be unable to use it. |
-Type 2 diabetes |
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What are the risk factors for diabetes in children? |
-being overweight/ physically inactive -heredity -certain ethnic groups are more likely |
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What ethnicity's are at greater risk for diabetes? |
-Native American -African American -Latino's -Asian American- at the greatest risk |
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Cardiovascular disease facts? |
-uncommon in children -risk factors: hypertension and obesity -high blood pressure often goes undiagnosed 75% -High blood pressure are most likely in latino's (25%) and Asian American's (14%) |
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Asthma facts? |
-chronic lung disease that involves epis. of airflow obstruction. -symptoms of an attack: shortness of breath, wheezing, tightness in chest -incidence has risen recently: increased air pollution? -most common chronic disease in children- 9% -primary reasons for: absences from school, pediatric adm. to ER's and hospitals -exact causes are not known, but think that it could be: hypersenstivity to environment substance trigger |
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What are some of the risk factors for asthma is children? |
-male heredity -allergic sensitivity -early stress -infections -obesity -exposure to smoking -individual allergies -outdoor pollution -2nd hand smoke (double the odds of hospital stay) |
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What are the treatments for asthma? |
-Cortiosteroids- inhalant- anti-inflammatory -exercise can trigger, but not if under control physical activityl can help |
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Children may lose symptoms in _________ or _______. |
- adolescence -adulthood |
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What is the leading cause of death in children? |
-Accidents/Injuries -motor vehicle accidents -1 -bicycles -skateboards -rollerskates -other |
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Where do most injuries/accidents occur? |
-home or school |
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What is the most effective prevention for injuries/accidents? |
-educate the child -safety helmets -protective eye gear -mouth shields -protective padding (sports) |
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Depression in caregivers is linked to child risk of injury for example: |
-burns, falls, broken bones, -can be near fatal |
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What are the kinds of disabilities that children face? |
1. learning disabilities (largest)- includes ADHD 2. speech/language impairment 3. intellectual disability 4. emotional disturbance |
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when speaking, you should be the __________ before the ____________. |
-person -disability |
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impediment imposed by society that restricts the learning/functioning of individuals with a disability (wheelchair) |
-handicapping |
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What are the ranges of disabilities? |
1. learning disabilities 2. ADHD 3. Speech disability 4. Sensory 5. physical 6. emotional 7. behavioral 8. Autism |
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What are the characteristics of a learning disability? |
-horrible spelling -reading is hard -problems with arithmetic -difficulty in math |
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has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, or spelling. |
Learning Disability |
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What areas does a learning disability effect? |
-visual -hearing -motor -intellectual dis. -emotional dis. -environmental -cultural -economic disadvantage |
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LD affects more __________ than __________. |
-boys: referal bias more likely -girls: biological |
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Most LD's are lifelong? |
true |
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What are some characteristics of people who have LD? |
- more likely to show poor academic performance -high drop out rates -poor employment/post-secondary education records -need support while in the classroom- lack competence -can lead normal lives/prod. work |
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Why is diagnosis of an LD hard? |
-federal guidelines are up to each state or each school system: definition, implementation -not all schools offer needed service |
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What is the process of diagnosising an LD? |
1. noticed by classroom teacher 2. call specialists: team of interdiscplinary professionals 3. psych evals |
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The most common subject area difficulties in LD are...? |
1. reading 2. writing 3. math difficulties |
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What kind of reading difficulties do children who have LD struggle with? |
-80% are affected -trouble with phonology skills (how sounds and letters match up to make words -problems in comprehension |
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individuals with a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell. |
dyslexia |
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a LD that involves difficulties in handwriting -writing slowly -may be illegible -make many errors because of matching sounds/letters |
Dysgraphia |
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developmental arithmetic disorder, LD that involves difficulty in math computation -2-% U.S. elementary school children -may have both reading and math disability and their cognitive deficits are characterized by both disabilities types or poor working memory. |
Dyscalculia |
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Causes and interventions for reading, writing, and math difficulties? |
-cause: not determined -possible causes: -heredity, problems with pre-natal development or delivery -research being done in genetics -LD more prevalent in low birth weight infants -MRI's- more than one brain location: problems with integrating info from multiple brain regions or subtle defects in brain structure or functioning. -Interventions: -reading: intensive instruction over time with teachers.. focusing on: phonology, decoding skills, word recog. skills. |
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Characteristics of ADHD in children? |
-following directions -easily distracted -can't sit still for more than a few minutes -messy handwriting -fidgety |
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A disability in which child consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time in the areas of: |
1. inattention 2. hyperactivity 3. impulsivity |
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when is a diagnosis of adhd made? |
- onset of 3 main characteristics in early childhood and characteristics must be debilitating for the child |
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difficulty focusing on one thing, bored quickly? |
inattention |
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what is the most common characteristic of adhd? |
-problems in sustaining attention |
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high levels of physical activity, always in motion |
hyperactivity |
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difficulty curbing reactions and does not think before reacting |
impulsive |
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What does an adhd diagnosis depend on? |
- the characteristics displayed: 1. adhd with pre-dominantly inattention 2. adhd with pre-dom. hyperactivity/impulsivity 3. adhd with both inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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How is ADHD diagnosed and treated? |
-diagnosis has doubled- 1990's - 7%- US. children 3-17 years- has adhd -occurs as much as 4 to 9 times in boys than girls -cause for diagnosis? heightened awareness? -cannot not be classified until elementary school |
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what are some reasons that ADHD may not be realized until elementary school? |
-increased demands of school - problems working independently, completing seat work, and organizing work, restlessness, distractibility, tasks= boring -grow out of it -66% adults diagnosed as a child still have it |
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What are some proposed causes of adhd? |
-heredity -brain damage in prenatal development: cigarette smoking, high level of maternal stress, -natal development -low birthweight |
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where is the delay thought to be in the brain in adhd? |
-pre-frontal cortex -decreased myliniation -delay in executive functioning -serotonin and dopamine roles -deficits in theory of mind |
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risks of adhd? |
-increased risk of school dropout -adolesent pregnancy -substance use problems -anti-social behaviors |
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treatments for adhd? |
-medication- adderall, ritalin- improve attention, but not perfect -behavior management -combination of both: better in most cases -neurofeedback -mindfulness training -aerobic exercise |
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trains individuals to become more aware of their physiological response so that they can attain better control over their brain's pre-frontal cortex, where executive control primarily occurs |
neuro-feedback |
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Reasons reduce in symptoms: |
1. better allocation of attention res. 2. positive infla. pre-frontal cortex functioning 3. ex-induced dopamine release |
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What are the 3 kinds of speech disorders? |
1. articulation disorders 2. voice 3. fluency |
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problems in pronouncing sounds correctly, not before 8 |
articulation disorder |
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What are some characteristics of a articulation disorder? |
-may cause communication difficulties/embarassment -avoid asking ?'s - with peers in particular -can be improved or resolved with speech therapy |
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reflected in speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high-pitched or too low- pitched ( cleft palate or difficult to understand) |
Voice Disorders |
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stuttering-spasmodic hesitation, prolongation, or repetition, anxiety makes it worse |
Fluency disorder |
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What are the two kinds of Sensory disorders? |
1. Visual 2. Hearing |
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mild problem- squint, holds books close to face, rub eyes often, blurry vision, words move- need lenses or serious- 1in a 1,000- low up to blind - low vision- can read large print with a mag. glass |
visual impairment |
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cannot use their vision in learning, must use their hearing and touch to learn (1 in 3000) 1/2 born blind- 1/3 lost vision in 1st year- normal intelligence and functioning - academic etc. |
educationally blind |
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born deaf/significant hearing loss- first several hours, may not develop normal speech/language, some go undetected- mid-childhood |
Hearing impairment |
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symptoms of a hearing impairment |
- turn one ear to the speaker -ask to repeat -doesn't follow directions -complains of ear aches, colds, and allergies |
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treatment for hearing impairments |
-audiologist -supplementary instruction beyond the classroom. |
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2 categories of supplementary instruction: |
1. Oral- lip reading, speech reading, and whatever hearing a child has 2. Manual- sign language and finger spelling- |
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system of hand movements that symbolize words |
sign language |
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spelling out each word by placing the hand in different positions |
finger spelling |
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Classroom aids: |
- prefered seating -hearing aids -cochlear implants -amp devices |
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restricted movements or lack of control over movement due to muscle, bone, or joint problems. |
orthopedic impairments |
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what is an example of an orthopedic impairment? |
-cerebral palsy |
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some services in the classroom for orthopedic impairments> |
-transportation -physical therapy -school health services -psychological services |
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orthopedic disorder facts? |
-severity ranges -causes: pre-natal, perinatal, diseases, accidents -adaptive devices/med tech -many function well in classroom |
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disorder that involves a lack of muscular coordination, shaking and unclear speech, most commonly caused by lack of O2 at birth. |
Cerebral Palsy |
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Characteristics of cerebral palsy |
-spastic muscles are stiffed and difficult to move, rigid muscles pull the limbs into contorted positions. (more common) - less common: atoxia- muscles are rigid and floppy from one moment to the next, clumsy, and jerky. - computer help with learning, if they have coordination with a keyboard. -unclear speech, speech and voice synthesizes , communication boards , page turners, can help |
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Emotional/Behavioral disorder facts |
-most have minor emotional difficulties at some point during school -small % have a serious problem in order to classify as having this disorder -8% require IEP that are classified -Boys are more likely than girls |
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consists of serious, persistent, problem that involves relative aggression, depression, fears associated with personal/school matters, as well as other inappropriate socio-emotional characteristics |
Emotional/Behavioral Disorder |
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also called pervasive developmental disorder, range from the severe disability labeled autistic disability, to the milder disability called aspergers syndrome. |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
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Children with ASD can have problems in these areas: |
-social interaction -verbal/non-verbal communication -repetitive behaviors -sensory experiences |
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Autism facts: |
-Some have intellectual disabilities, other show average intelligence -detected in 1 out of 3 children -increasing diagnosis -Diagnosis: before: 1 in 2500 and now: 1 in 88 -more boys than girls- 5 times more likely |
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severe developmental ASD that has its onset in the first 3 years of life and includes deficits in social relationships, abnormal in communication, and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior -2-5- of every 10,000 -boys- 4 times more likely |
autistic disorder |
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relatively mild autism SD in which the child has relatively good verbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. -obsessive, repetitive routines, and are pre-occupied with a part subject |
aspergers syndrome |
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What visual is used to describe autism spectrum disorders? |
umbrella |
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what is happening in the brain of a person with autism? |
-abnormal brain structure and neurotransmitters -lack of connection between brain regulation- key factor -genetic- mutations, missing DNA raises risk -no evidence of family socialization -male linkage- extreme male brain- less effective ability to show empathy/read facial expressions/gestures |
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what is the most effective treatment for autism? |
-behavior modification used in early life |
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How can teachers help in the classroom with students with autism? |
-well structured class -individual teaching -small group instruction -behavior modification techniques |
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What is the main law that says that all students must be served? |
PL- 94-142 Education for all handicapped children act (IDEA) 1997, 2004 |
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What does Idea say> |
-evaluation/eligibilty determination -Appropriate education and IEP -LRE -2004- NCLB- all students- general assessments of educational progress, and standardized testing |
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IDEA facts |
-Special Education- can't plan in advance -space avail. basis -must be evaluated first -Parental involvement -Re-eval reqd' every 3 years - reqd by parents/conditions -parent can disagree and get an independent eval., if found school must provide services -parents- school send notices of proposed actions, attendance meetings, placement, IEP, right to appeal |
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a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability. |
IEP |
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An IEP should be... |
1. relative to the child's learning capacity 2. specially constructed to meet the child's individual needs and not merely a copy of what is offered to other children. 3. designed to provide education benefits |
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a setting similar as possible to the one which children who not have a disability are educated. |
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) |
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educating a child with special educational needs full time in a regular classroom. |
inclusion |
