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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 largest killers of children under the age of five? |
Diarrhea and Pneumonia |
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Disease Example of sanitation/transportation |
Yersinia Pestis (Bubonic Plague) |
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Deforestation causes Zoonosis - example |
HIV |
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Natural disaster disease example |
Cholera |
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Society and Behavior factors that lead to disease |
- antibiotic resistance - spread of STDs - vaccination - food production/distribution |
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Reservoir |
- non-living or living source of pathogen |
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Virulence |
the severity or harmfulness of a disease |
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Cell Theory |
- Robert Hooke - cell basic unit of life - all organisms are composed of a fundamental unit - the cell - all organisms are unicellular or multicellular - all cells are fundamentally alike regarding their structure and metabolism - life begets life |
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Who helped disprove spontaneous generation? |
Louis Pasteur |
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3 Domains of Life |
1 - Bacteria (Eubacteria) 2 - Archaea 3 - Eukaryotes (Eukarya) All arised from single common ancestor 1st bacteria then archaea then eucarya |
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Phylogenetic Tree - what came first? |
Prokaryotes 3.5 bya - stromatolites add oxygen to atmosphere 2.5 bya - most - eukaryotes and archaea most closely related |
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Prions |
Ex: Mad cow, scrapie - Acellular - infectious protein particles - no genome (no DNA or RNA) - submicroscopic - interact with a normal protein converting it to the infectious form |
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Viruses |
Ex: HIV, measles, rabies - Acellular - Genome RNA or DNA inside protein capsid - Obligate intracellular parasite (needs living cell to replicate) - submicroscopic |
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Protozoans |
Ex: malaria, leishmaniasis - unicellular eukaryote - DNA genome, asexual or sexual replication - no cell wall - some motile by flagella, cilia or pseudopods - metabolism, heterotrophs - important human pathogens, most are harmless |
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Algae |
Ex: Dinoflagellates, diatoms, seaweeds - unicellular or multicellular - eukaryotic - microscopic (unicellular) or macroscopic (multicellular) - DNA genome - cell wall usually cellulose - metabolism - photoautotrophs - not infectious - some dinoflagellates neurotoxin harmful to marine life or humans who eat toxin |
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Fungi |
- unicellular (yeast); multicellular (molds, mushrooms) - eukaryotic - cell wall with chitin - heterotrophs - usually harmless or even beneficial - plant pathogens, few are pathogenic to humans |
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Prokaryotes |
- bacteria and archaea - 1-10 um - DNA - rich region = Nucleoid - no membrane bound nucleus |
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Eukaryotes |
-10-100 um - endosymbiosis - protozoans, algae, fungi |
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5 ways to identify if alive |
1 - made of prokaryote or eukaryote 2 - metabolism 3 - grow/develop 4 - reproduction - binary fission or sexual meiosis 5 - irritability - respond to stimuli |
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Smooth ER
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- makes lipids |
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Golgi Apparatus |
packaging and transport |
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Mitochondrion |
cell respiration, ATP energy |
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Chloroplast |
photosynthesis - makes carbs in plants |
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Lysosome |
Digestion, recycle |
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Peroxisome |
contains oxidative enzymes, detoxify |
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Central Vacuole |
storage, water balance in plants |
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Cytoskeleton |
maintain shape of cell anchors organelles made of microtubules and microfilaments |
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Fungi is a eukaryote with a |
cell wall |
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Unique Archaea characteristics |
- unicellular prokaryotes - semi-rigid cell wall no peptidoglycan - mono bilayer (biphytanyl) - Plasma membrane in some - Methanogenesis - no pathogens |
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Thermophiles |
Withstand high heat using special enzymes and due to biphytanyl - least likely to be ripped apart |
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Methanogens |
Use CO2 and H2 as a reducing agent to create methane(CH4) and H2O |
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Halophiles |
- found in salt ponds and salt mines - NaCl is harmful, pump themselves full of K+ ions to equalize ion balance - hypertonic to isotonic environment |
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Endosymbiosis hypothesis explains... |
why cetain cells have their own DNA, 70S ribosomes and divide by binary fission - Mitochondria/Chloroplasts |
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Which domains reproduce Asexually? |
Archaea and Bacteria |
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Algae cells are similar to _____ cells while protozoan cells are similar to _______ cells |
Plant cells - Animal cells |
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Bacteria |
Ex: E-coli - Unicellular Prokaryotes - DNA genome - replicate by binary fission - cell wall (except mycoplasmas) made of peptidoglycan - some motile by flagella - metabolism:heterotrophs/autotrophs |
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Mesophiles |
20-45 degrees C - most pathogens |
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Psychrophiles |
-5 to 15 degrees C |
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thermophiles |
45-85 degrees C |
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Hyperthermophiles |
85-200 degrees C |
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Obligate Aerobe |
require oxygen |
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Facultative Anaerobe |
prefer O2 but can survive without (has both enzymes) |
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Obligate Anaerobe |
lacks enzymes - makes O2 toxic |
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Neutrophiles |
pH 5.5 to 8 - pathogens in humans mostly neutrophiles |
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Acidophile |
pH 0 to 5 - helicobacter pylori - bacteria causes ulcers - lactobacillus - in vaginal area - protect |
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Alkaliphiles |
pH 8 to 12 - Vibrio cholera - lives in salt water |
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chemoautotrophs |
- get energy from inorganic compounds (chemicals) |
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photoautotrophs |
get energy from light - cyanobacteria |
