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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Chemical Elements |
-25 out of the 92 elements naturally occurring elements make up living matter - Approx. 96% of living matter is made up of 4 elements (C,O,H,N) and the other 4% is made up of 25 naturally occurring elements |
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Common Vital Molecules |
H20 (water), CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP |
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Cell |
Cells are the smallest unit of life because it has all of the characteristics that define life |
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Prokaryote |
Doesn't have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Unicellular= 1 cell
ex: bacteria |
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Eukaryote |
Has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Multi-cellular= 2 or more cells
ex: humans have these |
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Organelle |
Specialized compartment in a cell with a specialized function |
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Ways Organisms Grow |
- Cells can expand in size (enlarge) -Cell Division (mitosis) leads to the multiplication of the # of cells |
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Metabolism |
-Consumption and transformation of matter and energy -Therefore metabolism is the sum total of all the biochemical Rx's within an oragnism |
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Catabolism (catastrophe) |
Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones ex: Proteins to Amino Acids |
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Anabolism (builds) |
Uses small molecules to build larger ones ex: Amino Acids to Proteins |
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Reproduction |
Produces offspring |
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Sexual Reproduction |
The offspring are genetically unique because they are a recombination of parental DNA |
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Asexual Reproduction |
"Cloning" therefore the offspring are genetically identical to parental because parent DNA was used exactly to produce offspring |
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Homeostasis |
Internal life facts with in a narrow range of chemical and physical conditions ex: Our temperature (98.6) |
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Stimulus |
Detectable change in your environment -Organism must have the receptor to debut any given stimulus |
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Science |
-A growing body of knowledge about the natural world that is reliable, well tested -A method to continue gaining more knowledge in a unbiased, systematic way |
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Scientific Method |
1. Make observations that lead to questions about something measurable - Who, What, Where,Why, When, How? 2. Develop a Hypothesis - If...( Describes the experiment therefore puts it in context) Then.. states your prediction. Because .. provides logic for reasoning |
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Scientific Method Continued |
3. Implement the experiment that is designed to be repeatable/ reproductive - Verifies that the results are accurate/ true and validates the experimental design - Helps detect and minimize experimental error -Repetition increase the like hood that the results are accurate/ true |
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Scientific Method Continued |
4. Collect and analyze data 5. Draw conclusions that address your your prediction in your hypothesis 6. Report your result: contribution to science |
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Control Group |
No treatments, we know what to expect ex: PLACEBO |
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Treatment Group |
Treat the group with with variables of interest |
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Blind Study |
Participants don't know whether they are in the treatment or the control group |
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Double Blind Study |
Neither the person who prescribes the treatment or the subjects know whose in which group - Avoids power of suggestion and minimizes bias |
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Chemistry |
It is the rearrangement of matter during which energy is transferred |
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Trace Elements |
The other elements that don't make up life. ex: Zinc, Copper, Floride, Iodine |
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Atomic Structure |
- Number of electrons defines the chemistry of and atom - Number of protons define the atom (protons cant change during interactions or it changes the elements, electrons can change and not change the the atom) - Atomic number represents the number of protons and electrons in an atom
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Why would an atom be reactive, undergo chemistry? |
Atoms seek stability |
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Stability Criteria for Atoms |
In an atom, the outer most shell that already has electrons wants to be full. - Shell 1: Holds max 2 electrons - Shell 2: Holds max 8 electrons - Shell 3: Holds max 18 electrons but is stable with 8 electrons |
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To gain stability an atom can either: |
1. Give up (close) electrons 2. Gain electrons 3. Share electrons between atoms |
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Ionic Bonds |
The attraction between oppositely charged ions
ex: Na+Cl- |
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Covalent Bonds |
Atoms share electrons |
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Polar Covalent Bonds |
Atoms share electrons unequally
ex: H2O (water)- The hydrogen are partially positive because they give there electrons to the oxygen, and that becomes partially negative |
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Non Polar Covalent Bonds |
Atoms share electrons equally
ex: CH4 (methane) the 4 hydrogen surround the carbon and it shares its electron wth that one carbon |
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Hydrogen Bond |
An attraction between polar molecules
ex: water the liquid (you get a stream of water when you pour it, you don't get one molecule at a time)
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Polymers |
Made from repeating/ similar monomers ex: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Large Organic Molecules |
They are carbon based ex: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids |
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Water the Liquid |
(A) Biological Solvent -For hydrophilic solutes because they are either fully charged (ionic) or partially charged (polar) ex: salts (NaCl), sugars, protein - Not for Hydrophobic solutes because they are non polar, they don't mix in water ex: Lipids= fats and oils |
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Thermoregulation (water the liquid) |
(B) Regulating body temperature for homeostasis (2ways) 1. Compared to other materials the temp of water remains fairly stable 2. Compared to other liquid it takes more heat (calories) to evaporate H2O molecules therefore when water molecules evaporate a lot of heat is carried away |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
Anabolism produces 1 H2O molecule when a bond is formed between 2 smaller molecules other than H2O= chem Rx |
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Hydrolysis |
Catabolism happens when 1 H2O molecule breaks a bond by the chem Rx |
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Endothermic Reactions |
Absorbs heat in calories (anabolism) |
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Exothermic Reactions |
Releases heat in calories (catabolism) |
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Acid |
-An acid has a ph of 1 through 6 -It has more hydrogen ions ex: lemon juice, pepsi -CO2 makes things acidic |
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Base |
-A base has a ph of 8 through 14 -It has less hydrogen ions ex: milk, bleach, phenol red solution |
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Neutral |
-A neutral has a ph of 7 -It has equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions ex: blood, water |
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Balanced Equations |
- Need equal products and reactants - They need the same amount of atoms on both sides |
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ATP |
Function: Provides energy to cells for anabolism "common currency of energy in cells "
ex: To build (anabolize) cellular molecules like proteins and carbohydrates to preform active transport |
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Active Transport |
- Energy is released during this Rx -To rebuild ATP, need calories (energy) |
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
Function: Organic molecules are made from the carbon atom in CO2 during photosynthesis |
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Carbohydrates |
Function: Short term energy to make ATP because they provide 4 calories per gram of 1 carbohydrate - Structural Role in DNA/ RNA, plant and fungi cell walls (building blocks) |
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Classifying Carbohydrates- 1 monomer (CH2O) |
-Sugar is a mono saccharide -Things ending in "ose" - is a sugar Ribose (C5H10O5)- building blocks of DNA and RNA Glucose (C6H12O6)- Most readily avalible to make ATP |
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Classifying Carbohydrates- Many ( more than 20) |
-Poly saccharide "complex sugars" Starch- Many glucose molecules bonded together therefore acts as the storage of glucose in plants "bank account" Glycogen- Many glucose molecules bonded therefore acts as the storage of glucose in animals ( specifically in the lives and muscl cells) |
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Proteins |
Polymer of amino acids Unique sequence of amino acids = polypeptide There are 20 different types of amino acids Proteins- is a polypeptide that has folded into a specific shape giving it a specific function 4 calories per gram |
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Structural Proteins |
Support ex: Hair, nails, feathers, scale, and CT |
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Transport Proteins |
Hemoglobin with in RBCs transports oxygen Transports proteins embedded in cell membranes |
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Hormonal Proteins |
Insulin= regulates the concentration of glucose in blood |
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Contractile Proteins |
Actin 2 myosin are muscle protein that enable muscle movement |
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Defensive Proteins |
Antibodies protect against disease causing organisms (bacteria/viruses)= pathogen |
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Enzymes |
Speed up naturally occurring biochemistry Rx's that would occur too slowly to sustain life |
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Nucleic Acids |
Nucleic Acids= DNA(T) and RNA(U) |
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Sugar with in a nucleotide |
DNA: Deoxyribose RNA: Ribose |
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Nitrogenous Base with nucleotide |
DNA: A, T, C, G RNA: A, U, C, G |
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Overall structure of a polymer |
DNA: Double Helix (ladder) RNA: Single- stranded (half of what DNA has)- half of a ladder |
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Location in eukaryotic cell |
DNA: Restricted to the nucleus RNA: Moves in and out of the nucleus (out= the cytoplasm) |
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Function of Nucleic Acids |
DNA: -It codes for the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide that folds into a specific protein -DNA makes up your genes/ chromosomes RNA: -Several types all help DNA produce proteins -Copies DNA when helping |
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Base- pairing rules |
DNA-DNA DNA-RNA A-T A-U C-G T-A C-G G-C Hydrogen Bond- is weak but forms easily (DNA (C)) |
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Lipids |
Diverse in structure and function but the largest portion of any lipid is hydrophobic |
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Triglycerides |
Dietary Fats and Oils -mostly composed of 3 hydrogen tails
Fat= solid at room temp, most from animal based foods (saturated no double bonds)
Oils= liquid at room temp, plant based (unsaturated- double helix)
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Triglycerides Function |
Function: provides long term energy to make ATP because supplies 9 calories per gram
- Insulation for thermoregulation ( homeostatic process)
- Protection, cushioning, packing |
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Phospholipids |
Main component of cell membranes (ATP) |
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Cholesterol |
Function: Adds structural support (integrity) to cell membrane - Precursor (based) molecule used to build vitamin D and sex hormones |
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Cell Membranes |
Function: As a semi- permeable (selective) barrier regulates what what enters and exits cells
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Phospholipid Bilayer |
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Transport of small solutes across cell membrane |
2 perspectives:
1. Pathway- where solutes crosses membrane
2. Why? The motive force behind solute transport |
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The Pathways |
-Transport proteins= used by small hydrophilic solutes (ex: amino acid, glucose, H2O, Ion)
-The Phospholipid Bilayer= used by small hydrophobic solutes (ex: small lipid, CO2, O2) |
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Motive Force |
Based on diffusion (ex increase in solute to decrease in solute ) |
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Hypotonic |
Decrease concentration of solutes compared to another solution |
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Hypertonic |
Increase concentration of solutes compared to other solutions |
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Isotonic |
Both solutions are equal in concentration [sol]=[sol] |
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Passive Transport |
Doesn't require ATP because solutes diffuse down their concentration gradiant |
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Active Transport |
Requires APT because solutes are being transported up or against their concentration gradiant |
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Simple Diffusion |
Transport (diffusion) of small hydrophobic solutes thru phospholipid bilayer
(ex: Carbon dioxide, oxygen) |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Transports (diffusion) of small hydrophillic solutes thru transport transport proteins (ex: glucose, ions, amino acids) |
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Osmosis |
Transport (diffusion) of water thru a special transport protein called aquaporins (water pores) |
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Endocytosis |
Transport of solutes into the cell |
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Exocytosis |
Transport of solutes out of the cell |
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