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85 Cards in this Set

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Chemical Elements

-25 out of the 92 elements naturally occurring elements make up living matter


-


Approx. 96% of living matter is made up of 4 elements (C,O,H,N) and the other 4% is made up of 25 naturally occurring elements

Common Vital Molecules

H20 (water), CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP

Cell

Cells are the smallest unit of life because it has all of the characteristics that define life

Prokaryote

Doesn't have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles



Unicellular= 1 cell



ex: bacteria

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles



Multi-cellular= 2 or more cells



ex: humans have these

Organelle

Specialized compartment in a cell with a specialized function

Ways Organisms Grow

- Cells can expand in size (enlarge)




-Cell Division (mitosis) leads to the multiplication of the # of cells

Metabolism

-Consumption and transformation of matter and energy




-Therefore metabolism is the sum total of all the biochemical Rx's within an oragnism



Catabolism (catastrophe)

Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones




ex: Proteins to Amino Acids

Anabolism (builds)

Uses small molecules to build larger ones




ex: Amino Acids to Proteins

Reproduction

Produces offspring

Sexual Reproduction

The offspring are genetically unique because they are a recombination of parental DNA

Asexual Reproduction

"Cloning" therefore the offspring are genetically identical to parental because parent DNA was used exactly to produce offspring

Homeostasis

Internal life facts with in a narrow range of chemical and physical conditions




ex: Our temperature (98.6)

Stimulus

Detectable change in your environment




-Organism must have the receptor to debut any given stimulus

Science

-A growing body of knowledge about the natural world that is reliable, well tested


-A method to continue gaining more knowledge in a unbiased, systematic way

Scientific Method

1. Make observations that lead to questions about something measurable


- Who, What, Where,Why, When, How?


2. Develop a Hypothesis


- If...( Describes the experiment therefore puts it in context) Then.. states your prediction. Because .. provides logic for reasoning



Scientific Method Continued

3. Implement the experiment that is designed to be repeatable/ reproductive


- Verifies that the results are accurate/ true and validates the experimental design


- Helps detect and minimize experimental error


-Repetition increase the like hood that the results are accurate/ true

Scientific Method Continued

4. Collect and analyze data


5. Draw conclusions that address your your prediction in your hypothesis


6. Report your result: contribution to science



Control Group

No treatments, we know what to expect




ex: PLACEBO

Treatment Group

Treat the group with with variables of interest

Blind Study

Participants don't know whether they are in the treatment or the control group

Double Blind Study

Neither the person who prescribes the treatment or the subjects know whose in which group


- Avoids power of suggestion and minimizes bias

Chemistry

It is the rearrangement of matter during which energy is transferred

Trace Elements

The other elements that don't make up life.




ex: Zinc, Copper, Floride, Iodine

Atomic Structure

- Number of electrons defines the chemistry of and atom


- Number of protons define the atom (protons cant change during interactions or it changes the elements, electrons can change and not change the the atom)


- Atomic number represents the number of protons and electrons in an atom


Why would an atom be reactive, undergo chemistry?

Atoms seek stability

Stability Criteria for Atoms

In an atom, the outer most shell that already has electrons wants to be full.


- Shell 1: Holds max 2 electrons


- Shell 2: Holds max 8 electrons


- Shell 3: Holds max 18 electrons but is stable with 8 electrons

To gain stability an atom can either:

1. Give up (close) electrons


2. Gain electrons


3. Share electrons between atoms

Ionic Bonds

The attraction between oppositely charged ions



ex: Na+Cl-

Covalent Bonds

Atoms share electrons

Polar Covalent Bonds

Atoms share electrons unequally



ex: H2O (water)- The hydrogen are partially positive because they give there electrons to the oxygen, and that becomes partially negative

Non Polar Covalent Bonds

Atoms share electrons equally



ex: CH4 (methane) the 4 hydrogen surround the carbon and it shares its electron wth that one carbon

Hydrogen Bond

An attraction between polar molecules



ex: water the liquid (you get a stream of water when you pour it, you don't get one molecule at a time)


Polymers

Made from repeating/ similar monomers




ex: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Large Organic Molecules

They are carbon based




ex: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Water the Liquid

(A) Biological Solvent


-For hydrophilic solutes because they are either fully charged (ionic) or partially charged (polar)


ex: salts (NaCl), sugars, protein


- Not for Hydrophobic solutes because they are non polar, they don't mix in water


ex: Lipids= fats and oils

Thermoregulation


(water the liquid)

(B) Regulating body temperature for homeostasis (2ways)


1. Compared to other materials the temp of water remains fairly stable


2. Compared to other liquid it takes more heat (calories) to evaporate H2O molecules therefore when water molecules evaporate a lot of heat is carried away

Dehydration Synthesis

Anabolism produces 1 H2O molecule when a bond is formed between 2 smaller molecules other than H2O= chem Rx

Hydrolysis

Catabolism happens when 1 H2O molecule breaks a bond by the chem Rx

Endothermic Reactions

Absorbs heat in calories (anabolism)

Exothermic Reactions

Releases heat in calories (catabolism)

Acid

-An acid has a ph of 1 through 6




-It has more hydrogen ions




ex: lemon juice, pepsi




-CO2 makes things acidic

Base

-A base has a ph of 8 through 14




-It has less hydrogen ions




ex: milk, bleach, phenol red solution

Neutral

-A neutral has a ph of 7




-It has equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions




ex: blood, water



Balanced Equations

- Need equal products and reactants




- They need the same amount of atoms on both sides



ATP

Function: Provides energy to cells for anabolism


"common currency of energy in cells "



ex: To build (anabolize) cellular molecules like proteins and carbohydrates to preform active transport

Active Transport

- Energy is released during this Rx




-To rebuild ATP, need calories (energy)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Function: Organic molecules are made from the carbon atom in CO2 during photosynthesis





Carbohydrates

Function: Short term energy to make ATP because they provide 4 calories per gram of 1 carbohydrate




- Structural Role in DNA/ RNA, plant and fungi cell walls (building blocks)

Classifying Carbohydrates- 1 monomer (CH2O)

-Sugar is a mono saccharide




-Things ending in "ose" - is a sugar




Ribose (C5H10O5)- building blocks of DNA and RNA




Glucose (C6H12O6)- Most readily avalible to make ATP





Classifying Carbohydrates- Many ( more than 20)

-Poly saccharide "complex sugars"


Starch- Many glucose molecules bonded together therefore acts as the storage of glucose in plants "bank account"




Glycogen- Many glucose molecules bonded therefore acts as the storage of glucose in animals ( specifically in the lives and muscl cells)

Proteins

Polymer of amino acids




Unique sequence of amino acids = polypeptide




There are 20 different types of amino acids




Proteins- is a polypeptide that has folded into a specific shape giving it a specific function




4 calories per gram

Structural Proteins

Support




ex: Hair, nails, feathers, scale, and CT

Transport Proteins

Hemoglobin with in RBCs transports oxygen




Transports proteins embedded in cell membranes

Hormonal Proteins

Insulin= regulates the concentration of glucose in blood

Contractile Proteins

Actin 2 myosin are muscle protein that enable muscle movement

Defensive Proteins

Antibodies protect against disease causing organisms (bacteria/viruses)= pathogen

Enzymes

Speed up naturally occurring biochemistry Rx's that would occur too slowly to sustain life

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids= DNA(T) and RNA(U)

Sugar with in a nucleotide

DNA:


Deoxyribose




RNA:


Ribose

Nitrogenous Base with nucleotide

DNA:


A, T, C, G




RNA:


A, U, C, G

Overall structure of a polymer

DNA:


Double Helix (ladder)




RNA:


Single- stranded (half of what DNA has)- half of a ladder

Location in eukaryotic cell

DNA:


Restricted to the nucleus




RNA:


Moves in and out of the nucleus (out= the cytoplasm)

Function of Nucleic Acids

DNA:


-It codes for the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide that folds into a specific protein


-DNA makes up your genes/ chromosomes




RNA:


-Several types all help DNA produce proteins


-Copies DNA when helping

Base- pairing rules

DNA-DNA DNA-RNA


A-T A-U


C-G T-A


C-G


G-C


Hydrogen Bond- is weak but forms easily (DNA (C))

Lipids

Diverse in structure and function but the largest portion of any lipid is hydrophobic

Triglycerides

Dietary Fats and Oils


-mostly composed of 3 hydrogen tails



Fat= solid at room temp, most from animal based foods (saturated no double bonds)



Oils= liquid at room temp, plant based (unsaturated- double helix)


Triglycerides Function

Function: provides long term energy to make ATP because supplies 9 calories per gram



- Insulation for thermoregulation ( homeostatic process)



- Protection, cushioning, packing

Phospholipids

Main component of cell membranes (ATP)

Cholesterol

Function: Adds structural support (integrity) to cell membrane


- Precursor (based) molecule used to build vitamin D and sex hormones

Cell Membranes

Function: As a semi- permeable (selective) barrier regulates what what enters and exits cells


Phospholipid Bilayer

Transport of small solutes across cell membrane

2 perspectives:



1. Pathway- where solutes crosses membrane



2. Why? The motive force behind solute transport

The Pathways

-Transport proteins= used by small hydrophilic solutes (ex: amino acid, glucose, H2O, Ion)



-The Phospholipid Bilayer= used by small hydrophobic solutes (ex: small lipid, CO2, O2)

Motive Force

Based on diffusion (ex increase in solute to decrease in solute )

Hypotonic

Decrease concentration of solutes compared to another solution

Hypertonic

Increase concentration of solutes compared to other solutions

Isotonic

Both solutions are equal in concentration [sol]=[sol]

Passive Transport

Doesn't require ATP because solutes diffuse down their concentration gradiant

Active Transport

Requires APT because solutes are being transported up or against their concentration gradiant

Simple Diffusion

Transport (diffusion) of small hydrophobic solutes thru phospholipid bilayer



(ex: Carbon dioxide, oxygen)

Facilitated Diffusion

Transports (diffusion) of small hydrophillic solutes thru transport transport proteins




(ex: glucose, ions, amino acids)

Osmosis

Transport (diffusion) of water thru a special transport protein called aquaporins (water pores)

Endocytosis

Transport of solutes into the cell

Exocytosis

Transport of solutes out of the cell