Exam 1 Bio110 Jkjkhardcore

Front 1

what makes it possible for organisms to create an internal fluid envt.

Back 1

Multicellularity

Front 2

4 tissue groups

Back 2

ct, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Front 3

3 types of junctions

Back 3

anchoring, tight gap

Front 4

Epithelial tissue

Back 4

covers the body, little ECM cover surfaces of internal organs, secrete/absorb substances
1 free outer surface
sometimes with microvilli for surface area
sometimes covered with cilia internally

Front 5

Epithelia cell classifications

Back 5

Simple, or stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 6

Connective tissue types 6 of them

Back 6

loose fibrious cartilage, bone, adipose, blood

Front 7

Loose ct
cell type (most abundant)

Back 7

cells distributed around by an open network of collagen and glycoprotein fibers
Fibroblasts secrete most of the stuff

Front 8

Fibrous CT
cell type

Back 8

highly ordered parrallel bundles max tensile str and elasticity
Fibroblasts make up the ecm, but are sparsely distributed among collagen and elastin fibers

Front 9

Cartilage
Cell type>

Back 9

sparsely distributed cells surrounded by networks of collagen fibers embedded in an elastic matrix of glycoprotein chondroitin sulfate
Chondrocytes

Front 10

Bone
cell type?

Back 10

Densest ct supports body protects structures and contributes to movement
Osteocytes are the main cell type

Front 11

Adipose tissue

Back 11

mostly large densely clustered cells called adipocytes that store fat, like a signet ring

Front 12

Blood

Back 12

ECM plasma, a solution of proteins, nutrient molecules ions gases, wbc rbc platelets ect.

Front 13

skeletal muscle

Back 13

movement voluntary striated many nuclei actin and myosin

Front 14

Cardiac

Back 14

heart, striated intercalated disks, functional synsidium
Gap junctions make it possible.

Front 15

Nervous tissue

Back 15

neurons glial cells (support and provide nutrition
cell body axons and dendrites
Dendrites recieve

Front 16

Homeostasis is accomplished by

Back 16

Negative feedback mechanisms, sensor>integrator>effector

Front 17

acid chyme enters the

Back 17

duedonem passes the pyloric sphincter

Front 18

Pancrease makes...

Back 18

HCO3 which passes through a duct and mixes with acid chyme

Front 19

Liver

Back 19

detoxifies stores glycogen and makes bile which emulsifies fat

Front 20

Animals require what kinds of molecules for nutrition

Back 20

Both organic and inorganic

Front 21

Types of feeding methods

Back 21

omnivores carnivores herbavores

Front 22

Calorie

Back 22

amount of heat energy required to raise 1ml of pure water 1 celcius
From 14.5C to 15.5C

Front 23

Fluid feeders

Back 23

ingest liquids that contain organic molecules in soln

Front 24

Suspention feeders

Back 24

ingest small organisms suspended in water

Front 25

Deposit feeders

Back 25

pick up or scrape particles of organic matter from solid material they live in or on

Front 26

Bulk feeders

Back 26

animals that consume sizable food items whole or in lg chunks

Front 27

Intracellular process

Back 27

endocytosis fusing with lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes

Front 28

extracellular digestion

Back 28

outside the cell in a pouch or tub

Front 29

5 digestive tube steps

Back 29

Mastication, chewing;
Secretion of enzymes released into the tube;
Eynzymatic hydrolysis, food molecules broken down through enzyme rxns into absorbable molecular subunits;
Absoption; Elimination

Front 30

Annelid deposit feeder

Back 30

pushes particles into its mouth through the esophagus into a crop> gizzard>long intestine

Front 31

Insect digestion

Back 31

Mouth>pharynx>esophagus>crop>gizzard>stomach>gastric ceca

Front 32

Bird digestion

Back 32

crop > gizzard> stomach>intestinal system

Front 33

Humans require essential amino acids(8) and fatty acids(2) what are they?

Back 33

Amino acids: lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonin, valine, methionin, leucine, isoeucine
Fatty acids only two of them linoleic acid linolenic acid

Front 34

Humans require how many vitamins in diet

Back 34

13

Front 35

In digestion what does the stomach do?

Back 35

Releases acid chyme

Front 36

Carbohydrates

Back 36

primary organic molecules in nutrition
contain 4.2 kcal/gram

Front 37

Undernutrition

Back 37

Inadequate intake of calories

Front 38

Malnutrition

Back 38

missing one or more essential nutrients

Front 39

Overnutrition

Back 39

excess calories

Front 40

Kwashiokor

Back 40

protein deficiency

Front 41

Fatty acid deficiency

Back 41

Is rare only two needed Linoleic acid and linolenic

Front 42

Water soluble vitamins

Back 42

B vit folic acid biotin Vit C

Front 43

Fat soluple vitamins

Back 43

hydrophobic DAKE store in fat,

Front 44

2 macronutrients

Back 44

calcium phosphorus

Front 45

Micronutrients

Back 45

Copper, Mg, Fe, Na, I trace amounts required

Front 46

4 feeding methods of animals
and some examples

Back 46

Fluid feeders (aphids mosquitoes spiders Birds, bats
Suspension feeders, Clams mussels barnicles birds whales
Deposit feeders: earthworm
Bulk feeder: Snakes and most mammals

Front 47

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Back 47

chem. bonds broken down by enzymes

Front 48

Medulla oblongata w/ respect to digestion

Back 48

It's where the nervous impulses for tasting food (tactile sensation)

Front 49

Vagus nerve stimulates

Back 49

Secretion of HCL and pepsin and gastrin- made in the stomach

Front 50

Duodenum what hormone is produceds there?

Back 50

Secretein targest the pancrease where bicrbonate is secreted itno the duodenum (EXOCRINE GLAND)

Front 51

Bicarbonate is important why?

Back 51

because it's a base that neutralizes acid chyme

Front 52

Pancreas makes what hormone?

Back 52

Bicarmonate it mixes with acid chyme in the dueodenum

Front 53

Where is fat emulsified

Back 53

In the sm int, takes big lipids bends then breaks into globules of fat

Front 54

What breaks down globules of fat?

Back 54

Lipases

Front 55

Salivary amylase

Back 55

First site of digestion in the mouth starch is broken down there

Front 56

Gall bladder what does it do?

Back 56

stores the bile that is made in the liver, releases it through the common bile duct into the dueod.
bile emulsifies fat it coats fat

Front 57

Small intestines

Back 57

is where most Extra cellular digestion takes place has microvilli with a brush border.at the lumen of the sm. int.

Front 58

whats the difference btw amino acids and carbs/sugars with respect to fats

Back 58

Liver filters out amino acids and carbs/sugars while the fat is dumped into the lymph then the lymp ducts and to the HEART!

Front 59

Pepsin process? How is it broken down?

Back 59

Polypeptides>PiP components > amino acids > into blood

Front 60

Polysaccharides and disacharids how are they broken down?

Back 60

into mono saccharides (by amylase) and dumped into the blood

Front 61

Nucleic acids how are they broken down

Back 61

An enzyme acts on them, nuclease, into necleotides and then into ribose and then into the blood

Front 62

Hepatic portal system what's it's importance?

Back 62

The hepatic lets the broken down components be detoxified by the liver rather then going straight to the heart and circulation (except fats)

Front 63

Fats how are they broken down?

Back 63

Bile first works on it, pancrease produces lipase which takes Micelles and breaks them into monoglycerides and fatty acids along with bile salts (which are recycled.

Front 64

What are chylomicrons how are they made?

Back 64

Monoglyc and fatty acids brought into the cell and coated by proteins. These are called chylomicrons

Front 65

Where do chylomicrons go after they are made?

Back 65

Dumped into the Lacteal, lympsystem which dumps it back into the blood bypassing the liver

Front 66

Mouth enzyme

Back 66

salivary amylase breaks starch into sugar
aka ptylin

Front 67

stomach what does it make?

Back 67

Pepsin and HCL

Front 68

Pancrease what enzyme does it make?

Back 68

Chymotripsin

Front 69

What muscles can be found at the anal sphincter?

Back 69

External skeletal internal smooth

Front 70

The function of the Lg. Int

Back 70

Absorb H2O

Front 71

Bile

Back 71

made in the liver goes through the hepatic (r&l)duct into the common hepatic duct, then into the gall bladder through the cystic duct, where it is stored, it then goes through common bile duct and into the small intestines

Front 72

Out of 20 Amino acids how many are essential? What does essential mean?

Back 72

8 out of 20 are essential meaning our bodies don't produces them and get them from diet

Front 73

Pig bellies but skinny African children, why?

Back 73

Protein deficiency Kwashkio

Front 74

Lineolic

Back 74

Omega 3 fatty acid that is Essential

Front 75

Vitamins are made from...

Back 75

they are carbon based inorganic

Front 76

Most common problem from trace element deficiency

Back 76

Iron anemia is the most common trace element deficiency

Front 77

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 77

Sac-like digestion, food and circulation closed system
central cavity where digestion takes place. Jellyfish Flatworms

Front 78

Pepsin

Back 78

HCl turns pepsinogen into pepsin which breaks down proteins

Front 79

Cheif cells

Back 79

make pepsinogen

Front 80

Parietal cells

Back 80

Make HCl

Front 81

respiratory medium

Back 81

can be water air..
generally the concentration of O2 is higher in there;
must be extensive (to all cells) thin and moist. =

Front 82

Diffusion

Back 82

Down concentration gradient, respiratory surface connects with respiratory medium where diffusion occurs

Front 83

2 adaptations to help animals

Back 83

Ventilation flow of respiratory medium over resp. surface (external)
Perfusion the rate at which O2 and CO2 are exchanged. The fluid that flows across the respiratory surface (internal)

Front 84

Resp. Mediums
Water vs Air

Back 84

Water is 1000x's thicker and carries 30xs less O2
water is wet while air you need to moisten the air...

Front 85

evaginations of gills

Back 85

Help increase surface area

Front 86

Counter current flow

Back 86

Blood flows one way water the other, that way 80% of the O2 is absorbed/diffused into the blood.

Front 87

What do insects use for gas exchange

Back 87

Tracheal system

Front 88

Negative pressure breathing

Back 88

Bringing air into the chest cavity where the lungs are

Front 89

Pluera

Back 89

Double layered epithelial tissue that covers the lungs

Front 90

vital capacity

Back 90

Max amount of air breathed in or inspiration
3400 females
4800 males

Front 91

The parts of the brain (2) that control and regulate breathing are?

Back 91

PONS fine tunes breathing & medulla oblongata- both inhale and exhale

Front 92

hemoglobin

Back 92

4 subunits of heme each carrying 250k O2 for a total of 1billion
the vertebrate respiratory pigment

Front 93

CO2 binds with water to make

Back 93

Carbonic Acid H2CO3 inside RBCs

Front 94

Oxygen

Back 94

Important for suvival and the final electron acceptor

Front 95

Physiological respiration

Back 95

process whereby animals excchange gases with their surroundings

Front 96

External gills

Back 96

Can be damaged can use water as a resp. medium
Sea slug mudpuppy

Front 97

internal gills

Back 97

Harder to damage as they are protected, uses water as resp. medium
Clams Mussels Crustaceans

Front 98

Insects respiratory system

Back 98

openwith hemolymph & hemoceol

Front 99

Tidal volume

Back 99

500ml resting state of lungs

Front 100

Residual volume

Back 100

Amount of air left in the lungs upon expiration

Front 101

Expiratory reserve

Back 101

max additional quantity of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

Front 102

Inspiratory reserve volume

Back 102

max additional volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal respiration

Front 103

Vital Capacity

Back 103

Total Volumes, greatest volume of air that can be moved in a single breathe

Front 104

Rib cage during breathing

Back 104

Up and out, down and in

Front 105

Positive pressure breathing

Back 105

Air forced into the lungs frogs do this

Front 106

Partial pressure

Back 106

when gases are present in a mixture the pressure for each of those gasses

Front 107

Oxygen's partial pressure
1 atm

Back 107

21% O2 in air
760 mmHg .21x760= 160 mmHg

Front 108

Carbon Dioxide's partial pressure
1 atm

Back 108

.04% CO2 in air
760 mmHg .04 x 760 = 30.4 mmHg

Front 109

Hydrogen Ions importance in gas exchange

Back 109

chemical receptors monitor the pH not the amount of CO2 as CO2 binds with H2O bicarbonate and H+ ions are formed. HCO3 travels in the blood while H+ is held in the RBCs

Front 110

fish closed systems with heart

Back 110

atrium and ventricle circulate blood
1 way blood flow single circuit system

Front 111

Frogs circulation and heart

Back 111

2 atria 1 ventricle frogs also breathe through skin double circuit system. pulmocutaneous and systemic

Front 112

turtles lizards and snakes circulation and heart

Back 112

2 atria 1 ventricle with a bump / ridge that separates little mixing of blood
pulmonary and systemic

Front 113

humans crocs birds

Back 113

4 chambered 2 atria 2 vent no mixing double circuit