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38 Cards in this Set
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A "literature review" refers to: a. researchers reviewing their writing before publishing it in a professional journal b. researchers reviewing their presentation before presenting it at a professional society meeting c. consulting previous research on the topic d. none of the abovwe |
c. consulting previous research on the topic |
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Which of the following ways are recommended in your text for obtaining relevant publications? a. making photocopies from publications found in your library b. using interlibrary loan c. request a reprint from the author d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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In summarizing journal articles, which of the following guidelines is NOT recommended? a. include complete reference information in APA format b. retype the reference section from the article c. summarize the conclusions reached by the author d. all of the above are recommended guidelines for summarizing journal articles |
b. retype the reference section from the article |
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The medical experiments during WW II were : a. conducted on healthy volunteers in order to test the effectiveness of new drugs b. instrumental for our current understanding of surgical techniques c. ethical because a full debriefing was provided for each participant d. unethical because the participants had no choice regarding whether they wanted to participate |
d. unethical because the participants had no choice regarding whether they wanted to participate |
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In the Tuskegee syphilis project: a. African American men were purposely infected with syphilis in order to understand how the disease progresses b. African American men with syphilis were recruited to be in a study designed to test the effectiveness of current treatments for syphilis c. researchers were interested in understanding how syphilis operated in untreated individuals and so did not allow their sample of infected African American men to receive available treatment d. researchers provided a full debriefing for their participants |
c. researchers were interested in understanding how syphilis operated in untreated individuals and so did not allow their sample of infected African American men to receive available treatment |
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The Milgram obedience experiments had ethical problems because: a. Milgram failed to debrief his participants b. the project was not conducted by scientifically qualified personnel c. the participants were under extreme emotional distress d. the participants did not know they were in the study |
c. the participants were under extreme emotional distress |
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Under which of the following circumstances would deception be allowed in a research project? a. deception is allowed when the research project will involve significant risk, such that otherwise, few people would volunteer to be in the study b. deception is allowed when a full debriefing will not be used c. deception is allowed when participants are not permitted to withdraw their data from the study d. deception is allowed when the results of a study would be contaminated by participants knowledge of the experiment |
d. deception is allowed when the results of a study would be contaminated by participants knowledge of the experiment |
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Any deception involved in the experiment is explained to participants: a. in the informed consent b. in the debriefing c. before they agree to participate in the experiment d. during the experimental session |
b. in the debriefing |
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A committee responsible for determining whether a proposed research project conforms to ethical standards is known as a(n) a. ethical research committee b. committee for the ethical treatment of participants c. institutional review board d. governmental oversight committee |
c. institutional review board |
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If a researcher wishes to examine the extent to which the data measure what they are supposed to measure, the researcher is interested in: a. validity b. reliability c. confirmability d. credibility |
a. validity |
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Descriptive research methods a. involve manipulation of one independent variable b. involve manipulation of two independent variables c. do not involve manipulation of an independent variable d. are used to assess causality |
c. do not involve manipulation of an independent variable |
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Participants sometimes respond differently when they know they are being observed. This is referred to as: a. reactance b. selective deposit c. reliability d. selective coding |
a. reactance |
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In _________ research, the researcher examines the relationship between two variables. a. archival b. systematic c. correlational d. qualitative |
c. correlational |
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If there is a positive correlation between number of hours spent studying and exam grades, then the _______ time people spend studying, the _____ their exam grades. a. more; lower b. more; higher c. less; higher d. none of the above |
b. more; higher |
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The defining characteristics of an ex post facto study is that: a. an independent variable has been manipulated b. only one person has been selected to be a participant c. the variables to be studied are selected after the fact d. observation occurs in a laboratory instead of a natural setting |
c. the variables to be studied are selected after the fact |
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Which of the following types of questions allows the researcher to calculate an average or mean response? a. open-ended b. yes-no c. likert-type scale d. forced alternative |
c. likert-type scale |
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"What is your age?" This question falls under the category of ________ data. a. demographic b. Likert-type scale c. analytic d. split-half |
a. demographic |
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Veronica intended to develop a test to measure locus of control, but it actually measures self-esteem. Veronica's test has low a. test-retest reliability b. validity c. interrater reliability d. split-half reliability |
b. validity |
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Kimberly's new depression scale correlates with psychologists' ratings of their patients' depression. Kimberly's depression scale shows high: a. criterion validity b. concurrent validity c. split-half reliability d. interrater reliability |
b. concurrent validity |
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Latoya develops a new scale to measure beliefs in extraterrestrials. She gives her new scale to 100 people twice, two months apart. She finds that in general, people who believe in extraterrestrials at Time 1 also believe in extraterrestrials at Time 2. Latoya's scale exhibits good: a. concurrent validity b. content validity c. test-retest reliability d. split-half reliability |
c. test-retest reliability |
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Control refers to: a. directly manipulating an independent variable in a research study b. managing unwanted variables that could influence the results of a research project c. both (a) and (b) d. none of the above |
c. both (a) and (b) |
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The _______ variable is the causal part of a cause-and-effect relation. a. extraneous b. independent c. dependent d. confounding |
b. independent |
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Undesired variables that could invalidate an experiment are referred to as ________ variables. a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. intrinsic |
c. extraneous |
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In one study, students read a fictitious job application. The applications are identical except that half have female names and half have male names. The students rate the likelihood of the applicant succeeding at the job. What is the dependent variable? a. the name on the job application b. the students c. the students ratings of the applications success d. the gender of the students |
c. the students ratings of the applications success |
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Why is it important to use operational definitions in research? a. it allows extraneous variables to be controlled b. it allows other researchers to replicate the research c. it is the only way to randomly assign participants to conditions d. it is allows nuisance variables to be controlled |
b. it allows other researchers to replicate the research |
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Natalie conducts an experiment in which she randomly assigns half the individuals to drink alcohol and half to drink tonic water that they think is alcohol. What kind of independent variable is being used? a. experience b. participant c. physiological d. stimulus |
d. stimulus |
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Why are participant characteristics not true independent variables? a. participant characteristics are extraneous variables, not independent variables b. participant characteristics are confounded with stimulus independent variables c. participant characteristics are not manipulated by the researcher d. participant characteristics are not operationally defined |
c. participant characteristics are not manipulated by the researcher |
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The degree to which a dependent variable produces consistent measurements is known as: a. validity b. constancy c. latency d. reliability |
d. reliability |
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Unwanted variables that can cause the variability of scores within groups to increase are called _______ variables. a. extraneous b. dependent c. independent d. nuisance |
d. nuisance |
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Nuisance variables make it _______ to see the differences between groups. a. easier b. harder c. sometimes easier; and sometimes harder d. none of the above; nuisance variables do not affect differences between groups |
b. harder |
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Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques to control extraneous variables. a. elimination b. constancy c. randomization d. validation |
d. validation |
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Sagles et al (2002) conducted a cross-cultural study of the identification of facial expressions. They were careful to use photos of faces only so that variables like attire and body type could not influence responses. Sagles et al. used the control technique of: a. randomization b. balancing c. constancy d. elimination |
d. elimination |
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Which of the following control techniques is most applicable to studies in which the participants are in all the conditions of the experiment? a. elimination b. randomization c. counterbalancing d. constancy |
c. counterbalancing |
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_______ is a procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different treatment sequences. a. elimination b. randomization c. counterbalancing d. constancy |
b. randomization |
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Jeremy would like to do a study in which each participant is exposed to four different treatment conditions. In order to do complete counterbalancing, Jeremy will need a minimum of _______ participants a. 4 b. 16 c. 24 d. 48 |
c. 24 |
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Jose would like to do a study in which each participant is exposed to 12 different treatments. Which kind of counterbalancing would be easiest for him to implement? a. within subject counterbalancing b. complete counterbalancing c. incomplete counterbalancing d. differential counterbalancing |
c. incomplete counterbalancing |
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The more scores cluster together and form a straight line, the _____ the correlation is between the two variables. a. weaker b. stronger c. less significant d. more null |
b. stronger |
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The purpose of inferential statistics is to a. provide a measure of central tendency and a measure of variability for the data b. determine whether a correlations coefficient is positive, negative, or zero c. determine whether a statistical result is significant d. all of the above |
c. determine whether a statistical result is significant3 |
