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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The term "criminal justice system" was first used by the _______ to reflect a view that justice agencies could be connected in an intricate, yet often unobserved network of decision-making processes. |
American Bar Foundation Project |
A. Chicago Crime Commission B. American Bar Foundation Project C. Wickersham Commission D. President's Commission on Law Enforcement & Administration of Justice |
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What are the three main components into which the contemporary criminal justice is generally divided? |
Law enforcement, the courts, the correctional system |
A. Law enforcement, the courts, the legislature B. The courts, the correctional system, the legislature C. Law enforcement, the courts, the correctional system D. Law enforcement, the correctional system, the legislature |
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Because some individuals are so dangerous that they must be outlawed outright or regulated, the contemporary criminal justice society uses the instrument known as ______ . |
Social control |
A. Social Media B. Social Report C. Social Control D. Social Adjustment |
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The criminal justice system is vast, employing more than 2.4 million people and costing federal, state, and local governments about _______ per year, up more than 300% since 1982. |
$200 billion |
A. $100 million B. $200 million C. $100 billion D. $200 billion |
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Who is not part of the courtroom workgroup? |
Bail bondsman |
A. Prosecutor B. Defense attorney C. Bail bondsman D. Judge |
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According to the ______ view of crime, behaviors that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and therefore there is a general agreement regarding which behaviors need to be controlled. |
Consensus |
A. Conflict B. Interactionist C. Consensus D. Constructionist |
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Which of the following crimes is not included in the Uniform Crime Report's list Part I or index crimes? |
Simple assault |
A. Criminal homicide B. Motor vehicle theft C. Simple assault D. Arson |
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Which of the following is a public order crime? |
Prostitution |
A. Prostitution B. Embezzlement C. Domestic violence D. Hate speech |
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Which of the following is considered official crime data collected by the FBI? |
Bureau of Justice Statistics |
A. National Crime Victimization Survey B. Self-report Surveys C. Uniform Crime Report D. Bureau of Justice Statistics |
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Spree Killer |
A type of killer that spreads their murderous outburst over a few days or weeks |
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The UCR indicates that police clear slightly more than ___% of all reported Part I crimes each year. |
20% |
A. 20% B. 35% C. 50% D. 65% |
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Which data source relies on a multi-stage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen's encounters with criminals? |
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
A. National Crime Victimization Survey B. Uniform Crime Report C. Monitoring the Future Survey D. National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _____ study, conducted annually using approximately 2,500 high school seniors. |
Monitoring the Future |
A. Monitoring the Future B. Juvenile Arrest C. National Venter for Information about Crime D. Juvenile Social Survey |
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Name three problems associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). |
1. Over reporting due to misinterpretation of events 2. Underreporting stemming from embarrassment 3. Sampling errors which produce a group of respondents who do not accurately represent the nation as a whole |
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Which type of study provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles? |
Self-report studies |
A. NIBRIS B. UCR C. Self-report surveys D. Victimization surveys |
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Self-report surveys are conducted most often on what group? |
Juveniles |
A. Juveniles B. Death row inmates C. Prisoners D. Police officers |
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When are most crimes reported? |
July and August |
A. March and April B. July and August C. September and October D. November and December |
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Which crimes are exceptions to the warm-weather crime trends? |
Murder and robbery |
A. Burglary and motor vehicle theft B. Murder and robbery C. Kidnapping and larceny D. Burglary and arson |
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Which season do the greatest number of reported crimes occur? |
Summer |
A. Winter B. Spring C. Summer D. Fall |
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Which region of the US has the highest property and violent crimes? |
South and West |
A. Northeast B. Midwest C. Northwest D. South and West |
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The peak age for property crime |
16 |
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The peak age for violent crime |
18 |
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Minority group members are more likely to be formally _____ than European Americans. |
Stopped, searched, and arrested |
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Which view of crime promotes that there is a class struggle between the rich and poor? |
Conflict |
A. Interactionist B. Constructionist C. Consensus D. Conflict |
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Which view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong? |
Interactionist |
A. Conflict B. Consensus C. Interactionist D. Constructionist |
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In the _____ School, proponents would argue for punishment over treatment largely because offenders are believed to commit crime as a result of free will. |
Classical |
A. Classical B. Positivist |
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In the _____ School, sociologists believe that crime is caused or determined by biological, psychological, or sociological traits. |
Positivist |
A. Classical B. Positivist |
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These theorists argue that individuals personally weigh the costs and benefits of committing a crime. |
Rational Choice/RAT |
A. Positivist B. Biological C. Strain D. Rational Choice/RAT |
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Credited with being one of the forerunners of the Classical School |
Beccaria |
A. Lombroso B. Freud C. Cohen D. Beccaria |
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Founding father of positivism who studied biological factors and argued that criminals were "born criminal" |
Lombroso |
A. Freud B. Lombroso C. Beccaria D. Sampson |
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This school of thought has a principle of hedonism which suggests that reward and punishment are the major determinants of choice. |
Classical School |
A. Classical School B. Positivist School |
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The form of intent when a person knows that they are committing an act or causing harm, but not acting for that purpose |
Knowing intent |
A. Purposeful intent B. Reckless intent C. Negligent intent D. Knowing intent |
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Unconsciously creating an unreasonable risk of harm |
Negligent intent |
A. Purposeful intent B. Reckless intent C. Negligent intent D. Knowing intent |
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Consciously creating a risk of causing harm |
Reckless intent |
A. Purposeful intent B. Reckless intent C. Negligent intent D. Knowing intent |
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Meaning to commit a crime (aka specific intent) |
Purposeful intent |
A. Purposeful intent B. Reckless intent C. Negligent intent D. Knowing intent |
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This theory suggests that, in order for a crime to occur, you must have a suitable target, motivated offender, and a lack of capable guardianship |
Routine Activities Theory |
A. Routine Activities Theory B. Rational Choice Theory C. Psychological Theory D. Deterrence Theory |
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Characteristics for decision making that produce legal, fair, and smart decisions |
Legitimate decision making criteria |
A. Discriminatory decision making criteria B. Legitimate decision making criteria C. Discretionary decision making criteria D. Formal decision making criteria |
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Characteristics that infect decision making which can produce illegal, discriminatory, and unfair decisions |
Discriminatory decision making criteria |
A. Discriminatory decision making criteria B. Legitimate decision making criteria C. Discretionary decision making criteria D. Formal decision making criteria |
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Type of decision making is professional decision making that is guided by education, training, and experience |
Discretionary decision making criteria |
A. Discriminatory decision making criteria B. Legitimate decision making criteria C. Discretionary decision making criteria D. Formal decision making criteria |
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The term used to describe acts that are inherently wrong, such as murder |
Male in se |
A. Male evilita B. Male in se C. Mala prohibita D. Mala evilita |
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The term used to describe acts that are only wrong because they are prohibited |
Mala prohibita |
A. Male evilita B. Male in se C. Mala prohibita D. Mala evilita |
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The number of crimes committed but not known to police |
Dark figure of crime |
A. False positive problem B. Prevalence of criminality C. Incidence of crime D. Dark figure of crime |
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When a defendant has to prove they couldn't have committed a crime because they were somewhere else when the crime was committed |
Defense of alibi |
A. Defense of justification B. Defense of excuse C. Defense of intent D. Defense of alibi |
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When a defendant admits they did wrong, but they argue that under the circumstances they were not responsible for their actions |
Defense of excuse |
A. Defense of justification B. Defense of excuse C. Defense of intent D. Defense of alibi |
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When a defendant admits they are responsible for their actions, but argue that under the circumstances, they did the necessary thing |
Defense of justification |
A. Defense of justification B. Defense of excuse C. Defense of intent D. Defense of alibi |
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Classic _____ is self defense: "I killed him because he was about to kill me." |
Defense of justification |
A. Defense of justification B. Defense of excuse C. Defense of intent D. Defense of alibi |
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Classification of crimes that are minor offenses punishable by either fines or up to one year in jail |
Misdemeanor |
A. Violation B. Misdemeanor C. Felony D. Due process offense |
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Which type of law deals with the state of government agencies and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government? |
Public law |
A. Substantive criminal law B. Procedural criminal law C. Civil law D. Public law |
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Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with what? |
Defining crimes and their punishment |
A. Compensating the injured party for harm B. Defining crimes and their punishment C. Setting basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system D. Dealing with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments |
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Which of the early forms of judicial proceedings involved a determination of guilt based on the ability of the accused to withstand placing their hand in boiling water or holding a hot iron? |
Trial by ordeal |
A. Trial by ordeal B. Trial by combat C. Trial by fire D. Trial by jury |
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Civil law includes all of the following except ______. |
Criminal |
A. Criminal B. Contract C. Commercial D. Tort |
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The term "actus reus" refers to what? |
Guilty act |
A. Measurement of mental ability B. Exclusion of omission C. Guilty person D. Guilty act |
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Criminal negligence is a form of _____. |
Mens rea |
A. Stare decisis B. Mala in se C. Mens rea D. Actus rea |
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Which of the following is not a type of excuse defense? |
Self-defense |
A. Ignorance B. Intoxication C. Entrapment D. Self-defense |
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Excuse defense ultimately rests on proving what? |
Lack of intent |
A. Presumption of guilt B. Lack of intent C. Existence of extenuating circumstances D. Lack of ability to commit the crime |
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The effect of intoxication upon criminal liability depends on _____. |
Whether the defendant voluntarily becomes intoxicated by using drugs or alcohol |
A. The type of intoxication B. Whether the defendant voluntarily becomes intoxicated by using drugs or alcohol C. If the consumption of intoxicant began prior to the crime D. Whether the defendant has prior convictions |
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Which element of a crime is met when an offender commits a violent act? |
Actus reus |
A. Stare decisis B. Mala in se rea C. Mens rea D. Actus reus |
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What determines what types of conduct constitute felonies or misdemeanors? |
Statutes |
A. Common law B. Judges C. Statutes D. U.S. Constitution |
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The view of crime that the great majority of citizens agree that certain behaviors must be outlawed or controlled, and that criminal law is designed to protect citizens from social harm |
Consensus view |
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The view that criminal law reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the rest of the population |
Conflict view |
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The view that criminal law reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the rest of the population; law is controlled by moral entrepreneurs |
Interactionist view |
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A model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime |
Crime control perspective |
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A perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors |
Rehabilitation perspective |
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A perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings |
Due process perspective |
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A perspective on criminal Justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization |
Nonintervention perspective |
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A perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime; stresses peacemaking, not punishment |
Restorative justice perspective |
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A perspective on criminal Justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past |
Equal justice perspective |
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Formal procedure |
1. Initial contact 2. Investigation 3. Arrest 4. Custody 5. Charging 6. Preliminary hearing/Grand jury 7. Arraignment 8. Bail/Detention 9. Plea bargaining 10. Trial/Adjudication 11. Sentencing/Disposition 12. Appeal/Postconviction remedies 13. Correctional treatment 14. Release 15. Postrelease |
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What formal stages of the criminal justice system are police responsible for? |
1. Initial contact 2. Investigation 3. Arrest 4. Custody |
- 4 stages - Must know them in order |
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What formal stages of the criminal justice system are the courts responsible for? |
5. Charging 6. Preliminary Hearing/Grand Jury 7. Arraignment 8. Bail/Detention 9. Plea Bargaining 10. Trial/Adjudication 11. Sentencing/Disposition |
- 7 stages - Must know them in order |
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What formal stages of the criminal justice system is corrections responsible for? |
12. Appeal/Postconviction Remedies 13. Correctional Treatment 14. Release 15. Postrelease |
- 4 stages - Must know them in order |
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Strengths of the UCR |
1. requires that crimes reported locally, statewide, and nationally are reported to them 2. organize and compile it 3. analyzes mass numbers of crimes |
Name 3: 1. Who is required to report? 2. What do they do with it? 3. What are the analytical methods? |
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Weaknesses of the UCR |
1. Dark figure of crime 2. Crimes are subject to the exclusionary rule |
1. Are all crimes reported? 2. Are multiple crimes counted from one incident? |
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Strengths of NCVS |
1. Compensates for under reported crimes 2. Anonymous |
1. What does it compensate for? 2. What information is protected? |
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What organization maintains the UCR? |
Federal Bureau of Investigations |
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What organization maintains the NCVS? |
National Bureau of Statistics |
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What is a criminologist? |
A social scientist who usually holds a terminal degree and often researches, studies, publishes, and commonly (but not always) teaches; Develop and test the "why" |
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What is a criminological theory? |
A set of interrelated propositions that seek to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control crime and criminality |
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What is a criminal justice theory? |
A set of interrelated propositions that seek to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control the response of agencies of justice |
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Specific Deterrence |
Punishing an offender solely to prevent a recurrence of the crime committed |
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General Deterrence |
Punishing an offender in from of an audience to set an example and prevent other potential offenders from taking part in crime |
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Three Aspects of the Routine Activities Theory |
1. Motivated offender 2. Suitable target 3. Lack of guardianship |
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Victim Precipitation Theory |
Characteristics of the victim, and/or this behavior that contributed to the criminality |
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Trait Theory |
Supports that crime is caused by inherited and uncontrollable biological and psychological traits such as intelligence, body build, personality, and biochemical makeup; Assumes that differences in human physical traits can explain behavior |
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Social Structure Theory |
Suggests that people's place in socioeconomic structure influences their chances of becoming a criminal |
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Social Process Theory |
People commit crimes as a result of experiences they have while being socialized by various organizations, institutions, and processes of society |
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