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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arthrology |
study of joints |
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joint |
articulation, site where ttwo or more bones meet |
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based on structure |
binding material 1 fibrous joint 2 cartilaginous joint 3 synovial joint |
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based on fxn |
movement 1 synarthrosis 2 amphiarthrosis 3 diarthrosis |
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fibrous joint |
bones joined by cartilage, no joint cavity |
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cartilaginous joints |
bones joined by cartilage, no joint cavity |
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synovial joints |
articulating bones are seperated by a fluid containing joint cavity |
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synarthrosis |
immoveable joint |
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amphiarthrosis |
slightly moveable joint |
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diarthrosis |
freely moveable joint |
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fibrous joint movement |
depends on the length of connective tissue holding bnes together |
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3 types off f ibrous joints |
suture syndesmosis gomphosis |
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suture |
very short fibers connect theinterlocking edges of articulating bones; occurs only between bones of theskull; sutures are synarthrotic joints ex- skull |
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syndesmosis |
ligaments connect the two bones;syndesmoses are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic joints ex- distal tibia and fibula |
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gomphosis |
apeg-in-socket joint; only example is a tooth in the alveolar process of themandible or maxillae bones; gomphoses are synarthrotic joints. |
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2 types of cartilaginous joints |
synchondrosis symphysis |
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synchondrosis |
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joinsbones; synchondrosesare synarthroticjoints ex- epiphyseal plate, 1st rib and sternum |
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symphysis |
a pad or plate of fibrocartilage betweenbones; symphyses are amphiarthroticjoints. ex- intervertebral disks, pubic synthesis |
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5 distinguishing features of synovial joints |
1) Articular Cartilage 2) Joint or Synovial Cavity 3) Articular Capsule – 2 Parts: a) Fibrous Capsule b) Synovial Membrane 4) Synovial Fluid 5) Reinforcing Ligaments |
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Six Types of Synovial Joints |
1) Plane Joints 2) Hinge Joints 3) Pivot Joints 4) Condyloid Joints 5) Saddle Joints 6) Ball-and-Socket Joins |
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Plane joints |
articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved translational, vertebrae, carpals, tarsals |
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hinge joint |
convex surface fits in concave surface flexion, extension, inter phalangeal, elbow, ankle |
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pivot joint |
rotation, pronation & supination, C1and C2 post in a hole (part bone, part ligament) that rotates, ulna and radius, radius rotate ulna doesnt |
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condyloid |
oval shaped projection in oval shaped depression flexcionextension //abduction adduction, wrist meta carpal-phalangeal joint, also in feet 2 dimensions of movement |
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atlantoaxial joint |
–between atlas (C1 vertebra) and axis (C2 vertebra) –allows you to perform the “no” movement with your head –is a pivot joint |
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saddle joint |
saddle shape and other sits in saddle thumb only, (trapezium and thumb) f/e, ab/ad, and touching fingers |
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ball and socket joint |
ball surface into cup depression most freely moveable, shoulder, hip |
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Regional versus systemic anatomy |
limbs versus systems |
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histology |
microscopic |
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gross anatomy |
structures seen with naked eye |
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levels of structural organization |
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organismal |
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11 body systems |
skeletal muscular cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary lymphatic integumentary reproductive nervous endocrine |
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major components skeletal system |
Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments Joints |
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major fxns of skeletal system |
Support Protection Leverage Hematopoiesis MineralStorage EnergyStorage |
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major components muscular system |
Skeletalmuscle- voluntarycontraction Cardiacmuscle Smoothmuscle |
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major fxns muscular system |
Producingmovement Heatproduction (i.e. thermogenesis) |
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major components cardiovascular system |
Heart Bloodvessels- veins(towards)and arteries(away)Blood |
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major fxns cardiovascular system |
Transportation: Oxygenand Nutrients CarbonDioxide and Wastes Hormones |
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major components lymphatic system |
Lymphvessels Lymphnodes Thymusgland Tonsils Spleen |
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major fxns lymphatic system |
Fluidcontrol Filtration Immunity |
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major components nervous system |
Brain Spinalcord Nerves Senseorgans |
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major fxns nervous system |
Communication Homeostasis |
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major components endocrine system |
Hormoneproducing glands and cells |
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major fxns endocrine system |
Communication Homeostasis |
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major components respiratory system |
Nasalcavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
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major fxns respiratory |
gas exchange |
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major components digestive system |
Alimentarycanal Salivaryglands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas |
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major fxns digestive system |
Mechanicaland chemical breakdown of food Absorption Solidwaste removal |
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major components urinary system |
Kidneys Ureters Urinarybladder Urethra |
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major fxns urinary systems |
filtration elimination |
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major components reproductive system |
Male:testes, penis, duct system, glands Female:ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia |
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major fxns reproductive system |
Productionof hormones Formationof germ cells Housingdeveloping fetus |
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major components integumentary system |
Skin AccessoryStructures:Sebaceous(oil) glands, Sudoriferous(sweat) glands,Hair,Nails |
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major fxns integumentary system |
Protection Temperatureregulation Wasteelimination Sensation |
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3 layers of skin |
epidermis dermis hypodermis (superficial fascia)- subcutaneous fat, locatedin different areas due to body type. |
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medial lateral |
toward midline away |
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ipsilateral contralateral |
on same side opposite sides (left and right) |
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anterior posterior |
ventral, towards front dorsal, towards back |
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superior inferior |
cranial,, towards head caudal, towards feet |
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superficial deep |
on outside inside |
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proximal distal |
toward point of attachment away frompoint of attachment |
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2 divisions of body |
1)Axial– head, neck, & trunk (i.e. thorax, abdomen, & pelvis) 2)Appendicular– appendages or limbs |
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2 major regions of upper limb |
arm forearm |
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two major regions of lower limb |
thigh leg |
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sagittal plane |
cut to make left and right midsagital and parasagittal |
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transverse or horizontal plane |
seperate top and bottom |
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fronttal or coronal plane |
separate front anterior and posterior |
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dorsal body cavity |
cranial cavity vertebral cavity |
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ventral body cavity |
thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity |
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thoracic cavity |
pleural cavity (lungs) mediastinum--pericardial cavity |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
abdominal cavity pelvic cavity |
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Left side of heart |
Pump for systemic circuit L atrium recieves oxygenated blood L ventricle discharges oxy blood into systemic circuit |
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R side of heart |
pump for pulmonary circuit R atrium- recieves deoxy blood R ventricle- discharges deoxy blood into pulmonary circuit |
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3 major blood vessels |
arteries capillaries veins |
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arteries |
blood away from heart oxy blood in systemic deoxy in pulmonary |
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capillaries |
smallest BVs, thin wall, exchange of materials between blood & tissues |
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veins |
blood towards heart deoxy in systemic oxy in pulmonary |
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path of blood |
heart, arteries, arterioles, caps, venules, veins, heart |
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3 types of arteries |
elastic or conducting muscular or distributing arterioles |
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Elastic or conducting arteries |
largest diameter, walls have elastic fibers, arteries expand and recoil, important in propelling blood onward while ventricles relax, fxn as pressure reserve |
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muscular or distributing arteries |
medium sized, walls of smooth muscle, regulate blood flow to specific regions, smooth muscle cells responsible for vasoconstriction and dilation |
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arterioles |
small diameter |
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during ventricular contraction, elastic arteries........ |
relax, stretch |
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during ventricular relaxtion, elastic arteries.......... |
recoil, constrict |
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capillaries |
connect arterioles and venules 4um-10um diameter exchange vessels exchange of nutrients and waste products |
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2 types of veins |
venules veins |
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venules |
formed when several capillaries unite 10um-100um diameter |
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veins |
formed when several larger venules unite 0.1mm->1mm in diameter |
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most veins in limbs have......... |
valves thhat prevent backflow |
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6 fxns of bone |
support protect movement mineral storage hematopoesis (red BM) triglyceride storage (yellow BM) |
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How many bones in body?? |
206 |
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2 principle divisions of skeleton |
axial appendicular |
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axial (5 groups) |
bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body cranium spine ear ossicles hyoid thorax (sternum/ribs) |
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appendicular |
bones within the upper & lower limbs and connect limbs to axial skeleton |
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Classification |
1) long- longer than wide, shaft and two ends 2) short- cube shaped 3) flat 4) irregular- unique shape 5) sesamoid- specialized short bones developing inside tendons, patella |
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Compact bone |
external, more dense |
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songy bone |
spongy, inside, needles are trabeculae |
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long bone structure |
diaphysis- shaft epiphysis- ends epiphysel plate- hyaline cartilage epiphyseal line- bone periosteum- outside endosteum- inside articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage |
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Short Flat Irregula and Sesamoid bones structure |
oreo 2 layers of compact surrounding 1 layer spongy |
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3 fxns of nervous system |
gather sensorry input from sensory receptors, process interpret and decide if action is necessary through integration, produce a motor output activating effector organs |
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central nervous system, CNS |
integrative and control centers of body brain and spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system |
communication btween CNS and rest of body all nervous structures outside of brain and spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, plexuses |
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nerve |
collection of nerve axons found in PNS |
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plexuses |
intermingling of neuron cell process from ventral rami of different cord levels |
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ganglia |
groups of neuron cell bodies not in CNS |
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2 types of cells in nervous tissue |
1) neurons 2) neuroglia, glia, supporting cells |
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Astrocyte |
control blood brain barrier axon support |
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microglia |
immune defense in CNS |
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ependymal |
line cavities |
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oligodendrocytes |
myelin in CNS |
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Schwann cells |
myelin in PNS |
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Neuron cell body |
biodynthetic center of neuron |
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dendrites |
main input regions of a neuron |
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axon |
conducting region, generate action potentials, nerve fiber, one axon, end is axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released |
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3 types of neurons by structure |
multipolar-CNS bipolar-rare unipolar-PNS |
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3 types of neurons by fxn |
sensor or afferent motor or efferent interneurons or association neurons |
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a nerve contains |
neuron process myelin connective tissue blood vessels lymphatic vessels |
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connective tissue coverings associated with nerves |
endoneurium perineurium (forms fasicles) epineurium |
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nerves are classified by what direction they transmit info or where they originate |
1) sensory- afferent 2) motor- efferent 3) mixed or 1) cranial- 12 pairs 2) spinal- 31 pairs |
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spinal nerves |
31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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a spinal nerve is formed from the union of |
a dorsal root containing afferent fibers and a ventral root containing efferent fibers |
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ventral rami merge to for plexuses |
cervical plexus c1-c4 brachial c5-t1 lumbar t12-l4 sacral l4-s4 |
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t1-t12 become |
intercostal nerves |
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muscles main fxn |
use ATP to generate force responsible for body movements contain myofilaments (actin and myosin) |
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3 types of muscle tissue |
skeletal- voluntary, striated cardiac- involuntary, striated smooth- involuntary, nonstriated |
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fxns of muscle tissue |
producing body movement maintaining posture stabilizing joints thermogenesis |
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skeletal muscle contains |
skeletal muscle fibers blood vessels nerve fibers connective tissue |
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connective tissue sheaths with skeleton muscle |
endomysium perimysium epimysium |
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origin |
muscle attachment to immoveable bone |
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insertion |
muscle attachment to moveable bone |
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direct attachments |
epimysium is fused to periosteum of bone |
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indirect attachment |
muscle's connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as either a tendon or aponeurosis, which will attach to bone |
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3 general movement types at synovial joints |
gliding or translation angular movement rotation |
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gliding, translation |
carpals |
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angular movements |
flexion, extension adduction, abduction circumduction (shoulder, hip) |
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rotation |
medial, lateral at atlanto-axial joint, shake head no |
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special movements |
dorsiflexion-foot up plantar flexion- foot down supination- palm anterior pronation- pAlm posterior inversion- big toe side up eversion- pinky toe side up prtraction-mandible forward retraction elevation/depression- jaw up/down opposition- touch fingers |
