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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 forms of applied research in developmental psychology? |
Assessment Intervention Research on socially important issues Contribution to public policy Dissemination of psychological knowledge |
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What are the goals of each? |
Identify developmentally important characteristics in an at-risk population Alter the environment to prevent/correct/reduce problems of development Give evidence to the resolution of pragmatically important questions Use knowledge from research to contribute to public policy Make the research available for those who may want it |
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What are the 5 steps of the scientific method? |
- Choose a question - Form a hypothesis - Conduct a study - Analyze the data and draw a conclusion - Make findings public |
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What is interrater reliability? What is test-retest reliability? |
Reliability between raters Reliability on separate occassions |
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What is internal validity? What is external validity? |
Whether the effects in a study can be attributed to the factor the researcher is testing The ability to generalize findings |
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What are the three ways to gather data from children? |
Interviews Naturalistic observation Structured observation |
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Name three advantages of interviews Name three disadvantages of interviews |
Reveal child's subjective experience Inexpensive for in depth data Can follow up with unexpected comments Biased reports to reflect favourably on interviewee Interviewee memories are inaccurate Future behaviour predictions are inaccurate |
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Name two advantages of naturalistic observation Name two disadvantages of naturalistic observation |
Accurate for describing everyday behaviour Highlights social interaction process Hard to know which aspects of situation are most influential Limited value for studying infrequent behaviours |
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Name two advantages of structured observation Name two disadvantages of structured observation |
All children's behaviours observed in same context Controlled comparison of children's behaviour across situations Not naturalistic setting Less subjective experience than interviews |
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When is a correlational design used Give two reasons that correlation =/= causation in a correlational design |
See if there is a relationship between two variables Direction of causation problem Third variable problem |
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What are two important parts to experimental designs? |
Random assignment Experimental control |
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Give two benefits of experimental design Give two disadvantages of experimental design |
Can make causal inferences because no 3rd variable or causal problems Allows experimental control over exact experiences of participants Experimental control can cause artificial situations Can't study certain variables and differences like sex/age/temperament |
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What are the three ways to study development? |
Cross sectional - Different ages studied at same time Longitudinal - Same group studied at different times Microgenetic - Intense observation over a short period when a change is occurring |
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Name two advantages of cross-sectional studies Name two disadvantages of cross-sectional studies |
Useful data from different age groups Quick and easy to administer |
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Name two advantages of longitudinal studies Name two disadvantages of longitudinal studies |
Shows stability of individual differences over time Shows changes of individual's patterns of change over long periods of time Participant dropout Repeatedly testing can threaten external validity |
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Name two advantages of microgenetic studies Name two disadvantages of microgenetic studies |
Intense observation helps see how the process of change occurs Shows individual change patterns over short period in great detail Doesn't give information of typical patterns of change over long period of time Doesn't give information about change patterns over long periods |
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What does the Ainsworth procedure (strange situation) look at? Who created it? What are the four infant categorizations? |
Assesses quality of attachment between infant and primary caregiver John Bowlby Secure* Insecure-avoidant Insecure-resistant/ambivalent Disorganized |
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Why is it used in ages 10-24 months? |
Infants formed attachments, are mobile, encounters with strangers/brief parent separation isn't uncommon |
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What three things does it rely on? |
Fear of strangers Fear of separation from parents Attachment behaviours (wanting to be near parents) |
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What are the 7 episodes? |
P.I. - Enter room P.I.S. - Unfamiliar adult joins I.S. - Parent leaves P.I. - Stranger leaves I - Parent leaves I.S. - Stranger returns P.I. - Parent returns, stranger leaves |
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What are four characteristics of secure attachment? What kind of parenting style is it associated with? |
Parents are secure base while playing Wariness to stranger Crying/searching when parent leaves Re-engage when parent comes Sensitive, responsive parenting |
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What are three characteristics of insecure-resistant? What kind of parenting style is it associated with? |
Stay very close to parents Distressed by stranger entering/parent leaving Ambivalent upon reunion Inconsistent, unresponsive parenting |
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What are two characteristics of insecure-avoidant? What kind of parenting style is it associated with? |
Not distressed by parent leaving Ignore/avoid parent upon reunion Intrusive, overstimulating/rejecting parent |
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What are two characteristics of disorganized? What kind of parenting style is it associated with? |
Doesn't fit any classifications Contradictory behaviour patterns Abusive/maltreated |
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List three better outcomes of secure attachment in infancy Name two negative outcomes related to disorganized attachment in infancy |
Better problem-solving abilities Better relationships with peers Better stress response Antisocial/aggressive/anxiety Higher highschool dropout rates |
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What are three ways parents directly influence their children?
What are two ways parents indirectly influence their children? |
Genes Beliefs: shape parenting to guide child development Behaviours: responsiveness/control/monitoring/communication Interactions between parents Interactions with child's environment |
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What are six ethical issues of working with children? |
Non-harmful procedures Consent Anonymity Discussing child's well-being with parents Unforeseen consequences Mindfulness of effects on parents/children and implications on society |
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What are the ethics in applications of research? |
Responsibility of the weight of the findings justifying or not justifying applying them to programs Reactions to planned procedures if the treatment/control group sees negative or positive affects |
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What are the five steps/goals of parenting? |
Survival of child: nurture and protect Form child into appropriate member of society Help children to understand and expressappropriate feelings and emotions Help children to behave in developmentallyappropriate ways Prepare children for the roles and contexts they willencounter throughout development |
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What are the three influences on parenting? |
Characteristics of the child Characteristics of the parent/parenting style Characteristics of the context |
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What three characteristics of the child affect parenting? |
Health status Gender Temperament/personality |
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What are the three characteristics of the parents that affect parenting? |
Personality directly influences and indirectly (spouse selection, occupation, etc) Age and stage in life (younger parents associated with worse outcomes) Parenting style |
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What are the four types of parenting styles? |
Permissive (high support, low control) Uninvolved parent (low support, low control) Authoritative parent (high support, high control) Authoritarian parent (low support, high control) |
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What is the drawback of authoritarian parenting? |
Child obeys but flounders when faced with tough decisions as they haven't been taught to take responsibility for their actions |
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What is the drawback of permissive parenting? |
Children are selfish/irresponsible and aren't used to hearing 'no' |
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Why is authoritarian better than permissive up to age six? |
Because power can be used as legitimate authority. After that, power undermines authority. |
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Why is it important to set limits on children when they're young? |
Teaches children self-discipline which allows for greater self direction later in life
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Do moms or dads treat children differently based on gender?
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Fathers treat sons/daughters more differently than mothers do |
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When both parents are present, infants prefer their _____ when distressed |
Mother |
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Do infants need to first form attachment with mother then with father |
Nope |
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What are the two parts to characteristics of the context? |
SES Social support networks |
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Why are children of divorced parents more likely to have adjustment issues? |
Parent conflict Economic issues Absence of parent (usually father) |
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Why do Japan and Israel rate higher in insecure-resistant vs avoidant? |
Different cultures may interpret the strange situation differently |
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Why is authoritarian parenting good in Chinese children? What is the goal of it? What does it emphasize? |
Seen more as guidance and control simultaneously through parental investment Not to dominate child, but for family/society harmony and integrity hard work, self discipline, achievement, honor, obedience |
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What could be another explanation of Chinese authoritarian parenting? |
It's not actually authoritarian and Western researchers are misinterpreting it |
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In birthing, what are the 'pushes' called?
What's it from? |
Uterine contractions Release of oxytocin |
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What are the three stages of labour? |
Stage 1: Uterine muscle opens the cervixto around 4 inches Stage 2: Contractions push the head,then body, through the birth canal Stage 3: Contractions push out theplacenta, fetal membranes, andremainder of the umbilical cord |
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What are four birth complications? |
Infant/mother mortality Anoxia Pain to mother Preterm birth (before 36/37 weeks) |
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What is anoxia? |
Umbilical cord providing oxygen is cut off before baby is breathing independently |
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What are three effects of preterm birth? |
Respiratory distress syndrome Infection Low birth weight (<5.5lbs) |
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When is a cesarean section used? How many Canadians do it? |
When vaginal delivery may be a risk to the infant ~26% |
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What are five risks of c-section delivery? |
Bleeding Infection Difficulties breastfeeding Postpartum depression Negative feelings of childbirth |
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What are three risks of vaginal delivery? |
Urinary incontinence Fecal incontinence Flatus incontinence |
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What are the three delivery positions? |
Cephalic - bottmo up Complete breech - bottom down, legs down Frank breech - bottom down, legs up |
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Are breech deliveries c-section or vaginal? |
C-section |
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In the term breech trial, what risk was found in one style (c-section or vaginal) moreso than the other? |
Vaginal had 3x the likelihood of perinatal/neonatal death |
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What were the three controversies over the term breech trial death statistics? |
Controversy over the cause of death Controversy of using multiple hospitals/birthing centres where doctors may have been inexperienced Controversy in no infant mortality rate long-term |
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What were the conclusions at the three month follow up? |
No major differences in negative outcomes between C-section and vaginal delivery |
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In addition to vaginal vs c-section, what are four other options they can choose from during birth? |
Physician vs midwife Hospital vs homebirth Doulas Water birth |
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What's a con of vertical incision c-section? What's a pro? When is it usually used? What's the benefit of horizontal incision c-section? |
Difficulty in having vaginal delivery later Less bleeding In emergency/high risk More optionsregarding later vaginal delivery(VBAC) |
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What are birthing centres? Operated by? Where is it popular? |
Small units dedicated to birth Midwives UK/Australia/NZ |
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At how many weeks is birth considered preterm? How often is it in N.A.? At how many weeks is birth considered very preterm? How much is low birth weight? Very low? |
36/37 8-12% Under 32 weeks Under 5.5lbs, under 2.5/3.5lbs |
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What are four possible reasons for preterm birth? |
Issues with mother’s reproductivesystem/health Multiple births (ie, twins) Mother/fetusis at risk Underlying cause may be unknown |
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What's the primary goal of the NICU? |
Maintain & enhance physical well being (usually via artificial means) |
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What are three issues of the NICU? |
Not similar to the environmentof the womb or the environment ofhome Limits social interactions betweenparents and infants Parents feel overwhelmed, unimportant |
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At what age and birth weight can a preterm infant survive? |
22 weeks/.5lbs |
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What are six immediate health issues of preterm babies? |
Difficulty breathing Lung disease Brain complications Seizures Feeding difficulties Gastrointestinal issues |
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What are three long term health issues of preterm babies? |
Frequent hospital stays Continued issued with breathing Eyesight issues |
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What are three types of developmental delays? What three other issues are related to preterm birth? |
Motor delays Lower IQ/cognitive delays Learning/school disabilities Behaviour problems Social difficulties SES |
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What are seven issues between parents and preterm babies? |
Difficulty with hospitalenvironment Preterm infants seen as lessattractive, cry less, lessarousing cries Delay in reachingdevelopmental milestones “Prematurity stereotype” Parents unsure, may be worried/afraid Infants more passive, lessreactive Mothers more active, moredirective, provide morestimulation |
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What is the goal of interventions for preterm parents? |
Give best medical care for infants while also giving the best parent-child relationship |
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What are four types of interventions? |
Kangaroo care Infant massage Music Parent training/support |
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What is kangaroo care? When was it initially used? |
Skin-to-skin contact When there was a shortage of incubators and health-care workers for premature infants |
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What were the results at 3 months of the Feldman et al. kangaroo study? |
More stimulating home environments and lower maternal depression in kangaroo care/experimental group |
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What were the results at 6 months of the Feldman et al. kangaroo study? |
Infants scored higher on mental/psychomotor scales & morematernal sensitivity forthose who had kangaroocare |
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What are three reasons why kangaroo care works? |
Effects of parent proximity vs separation after birth (heat/touch/smell/nursing) Skin-skin contact releases oxytocin in mother Transactional -- kangaroo care affects mother, and child, who then impact one another |
