Exam 1

Front 1

The scientific method

Back 1

Hypothesis, Observation, Data experiment. Hypotheis is Reject or Support findings.

Science defines probabilities not truth.

Front 2

Definition of evolution

Back 2

Evolutionis a change in allele frequecncies within a population over multiplegenerations.

Front 3

Natural vs. artificial selection

Back 3

· No individual is exactly the same, some will be better adapted for specific survival

Vs.

Selective breading has occurred for hundreads of years (pigions)

Front 4

Comte de Buffon

Back 4

· Mamal communities in similar, but geographically isolated environmentsare not the same. Thus they must have changed after leaving ancestral homeland

Natural historian

Front 5

Thomas Huxley

Back 5

Darwin's Bulldog

Famous 1860 oxford debate with Willbeforce

English Biologist

Front 6

Alfred Wallace

Back 6

· Alfred admired Darwin and came up with same ideaas Darwin and Wallace came from nothing and worked up the latter of academia

Darwin coathored a work with him

Front 7

Charles Lyell

Back 7

Principles of Geology

-Uniformintarianism: This idea states that observing things today can give an idea on how things formed in the past.

-Gradualism: little things over time makes the rocks

-Darwin took this book on Voyage of the begal

Front 8

Georges Cuvier

Back 8

Closely studied fossils

Catastrophism

Natural process of things going extinct formthings like volcanos and in the biblical scence the great flood

Front 9

Adam Sedgwick

Back 9

Mentored Darwin at Cambridge specificaly in geolgy would never accept his thoery of natual selection though

Front 10

John Henslow

Back 10

Mentored Darwin at cambridge got him the opertunity to travel on the begal and thus find natural selection

Front 11

James Ussher

Back 11

From the bible he concluded Earth was created on Oct 23 4004 BC

Was very difficult to prove this date wrong

Front 12

William Herschel

Back 12

created a Cosmic Evolution Deep time nebular theory based on physics.

Front 13

Copernicus

Back 13

Sun rather than the earth at the center of the universe was a mathmatiction and astronomer.

Front 14

Galileo

Back 14

Father of modern science was a proponent of heleocentricism rather then goecentricism, and was atacked by the church becase of this.

Front 15

Thomas Hunt

Back 15

One of the discovers of chromosms though more developed microscopes and frute flys

Front 16

Nicolar Steno

Back 16

Law of superposition

-Layers of sediment the farther down an objectfound the older the object is

-Short term studies like 10 year study show howlong it takes to put down a layer of sediment

Front 17

James Hutton

Back 17

Deep time

-Uniformitartianism

----No vestige of beginging no prospect of an end

----Geological process continue indiscrimintlyforever

Front 18

Jean- Baptiste Lamarck

Back 18

Animals evolve because of enviornmental forces intheir life time

Geraffs strech for food aka long neck

First person to formulate amechanism for how things change (evolve)

neo Lamarckism= epi genetics (exp if as a female you go undernutriticla distress under pubertiy your babys will be lower birth rate)

Front 19

The voyage of The Beagle

Back 19

Voyage Darwin undertook around south America, stped at the galapogose islands was observing animals and plant life on voyage collectiong samples, 5 year voyage crew liked him becase he would talk to them so they collected samples as well

Front 20

Allopatric speciation

Back 20

Species getting geographicaly isolated

Then when ocean seperates the species speciesadapt, small mamoths (pigmy hourses iceland)

Front 21

Mendelian traits

Back 21

Monogenic traits only deteramend by one gene on or off like a widows peak

Front 22

Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups

Back 22

mono: a common ancestor and all of its descendant

Para: a commonon ancestor with out all of it's descendants (Dinorsors would need to include birds)

Front 23

Cyclops

Back 23

Mamoth Skulls beliled to the cyclopse becase of their single eye cavity

Front 24

Structure and composition of DNA

Back 24

Double Helix, Deioxy- ribose neuclaic Acid

Rosalind Franlkin X-ray actual shape discovery credited to Watson and Crick though

Adenine- Thymine

Guanine- Cytosine

Front 25

Eldredge and Gould

Back 25

punctuated equilibrium climate change = quickevolution

Front 26

Cell division

Back 26

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mit: duplication of somatic cells

meiosis: duplication of haploid cells Sex cells

Front 27

Ideas that Darwin relied on for his theory

Back 27

1.You must have deep time

2.You must have intra specific variation (withinspecies)

3.You must have natural “checks” on population

4.Traits must be passed to offspring

Front 28

Deep time

Back 28

Earth is 4.5 billion years old and the concept that the earth is old

Front 29

Biological and morphological species concepts

Back 29

Bio: If you can have babies together

Mor: How they look

Front 30

Homologous vs. Analogous traits

Back 30

Homo: traits that are prent from our ancestors aka ahumurs

Ana: Traits that don’t represt evolutionaryrelationships (Batt Wings)

Front 31

Origin of Species

Back 31

Publihsed 1859 it was a best seller,

didt have a mechanism for inheritance only real flaw, darwin sugest in it Pangenisis or blending of parent traits.

Front 32

The rules of taxonomy

Back 32

Linnaeus: created modern taxonomy, which is a method for catergorizing the biological world.

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, Genus Species.

Front 33

The discoverers of the double helix structure of DNA

Back 33

James Watson and Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins Credited with discovering DNA

Rosalind Franklin Worked the X-Rays and died before the Nobelprize was awarded.

Front 34

The “forces of evolution”

Back 34

Random

Mutation, Genetic Drift

Non- Random

Gen Flow (sex), Natural Selection

Front 35

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Back 35

Geno= fixed at conception*·

Pheno= The physical expression of the genotype -----------(Natural selection acts on an organism’sphenotype)

Front 36

Jefferson and the Moose

Back 36

Jeferson was in diologue with buffon to show him that species in North america were not degerations or less then those of europe that in fact they were stonger and more abondant. He sent buffon a moose carcuse that was meant ot prove thisn fact and creideted the size of north american bears and beavers in comparison to europes smaller versons

Front 37

The Scala Naturae

Back 37

The great chain of being clasification of all living beings on god's earth, God on top then humans then less and less important or evoloved species.

Front 38

Scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws

Back 38

Hypotheses: is a testable question that can be rejected or supported though experiment and data colleting

Theroy: is a hypothesis who is continualy supported bydata every time the hypothesis is tested. (Systems and how they work)

Law: Same thing just usualy has to do with something mathmaticaly able to explain the hypothesis

Front 39

Microevolution vs. macroevolution

Back 39

Macroevolution:refers to large scale evolutionary change over long periods of time.

Microevolution:refers to changes in allele frequencies within a species.

Front 40

Darwin’s finches

Back 40

Finches on the islands of the Galapogose depindent on what they eat thier beake and body size idffers giving them inherint advantages to survive, based on sesinal changes in food suply.

Didnt even notice them while their.