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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John Stuart Mill |
Argued psychology should be moved away from philosophy and be considered a science |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Founded the first psychology laboratory: introspection |
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introspection |
systematic examination of mental experiences that requires people to inspect & report on their consciousness |
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Structuralism |
Conscious experience can be broken own into basic underlying components |
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Eduard Titchener |
pioneered structuralism |
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William James |
Came up with the ideas of functionalism and stream of consciousness |
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Stream of consciousness |
describes each person's continuous series of ever changing thoughts |
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Functionalism |
concerned with adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior |
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Gestalt Theory |
idea that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of it's constitutional elements |
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Max Wertheimer |
Founded Gestalt theory |
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Decent with modification |
offspring look and act different from parents |
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natural selection |
nonrandom process drives evolution |
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blind watchmaker |
apparent design of biological mechanisms can arise naturally |
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Sigmund Freud |
father of psychoanalytical theory and the unconscious |
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psychoanalysis |
method attempts to bring unconscious into conscious awareness so conflicts can be resolved (not falsifiable) |
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Behaviorism |
emphasizes role of environmental forces in producing observable behavior |
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John Watson |
developed behaviorism |
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B.F. Skinner |
behaviorist who investigated how behavior is shaped by consequences that follow |
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cognitive psychology |
study of mental functions such as intelligence, thinking, language, memory and decision making |
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George Miller |
founded cognitive psychology |
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sociology |
understanding how thoughts, feelings, & behavior are influenced by presence of others |
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personality psych |
study of thoughts, emotions, & behaviors in people & how they vary across situations |
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Carl Rogers & Abraham T Beck |
pioneered a humanistic approach to treatments |
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Albert Ellis & Aaron T Beck |
developed cognitive contemporary psych |
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Contemporary psych |
study of human genome & epigenome & brain structures & functions & brain chemistry |
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theory |
explanation or model of how phenomenon works (relatively simple) |
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replication |
repetition of research study can increase confidence |
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meta-analysis |
"study of studies" combines finding of multiple studies |
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Descriptive design |
aims to describe a phenomenon by data collection, observation, self report.... |
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Reactivity/Hawthorne effect |
knowledge that one is being observed alters behavior being observed |
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experimenter expectancy effect |
change in participant behavior due to expectations of observer (Robert Rosenthal & rats) |
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Correlational design |
describes how two variables are related: correlation does not imply causation |
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directionality problem |
two variables are related but we cannot determine which caused changes in the other |
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third variable problem |
a third variable may be responsible for relationship between two variables |
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partial correlation |
eliminates effets of third variable |
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spurious relationship |
when third variable is removed from equation, relationship between two decreases |
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Experimental design |
tetst causal hypotheses by manipulating & measuring variables |
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placebo |
substance that resembles "treatment" but has nothing in it, controls expectations |
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cofound |
anything that affects a dependent variable & may unintentionally differ between study conditions |
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Randomized Control trial |
ethical research is governed by principals that ensure fair, safe, & informed treatment of participants |
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Institutional Review Boards |
groups of people who review proposed research to ensure it meets standards |
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validity |
degree to which an instrument measures what its supposed to measure |
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descriptive statistics |
describes data from a sample & summarizes data |
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Inferential statistics |
a set of assumptions & procedures used to evaluate likelihood that an observed effect is present in population from which samples was drawn |
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neurons |
basic units of nervous system; cells that receive, integrate & transmit information |
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sodium & potassium |
two ions that regulate polarization of neuron |
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action potential |
electrical signal that passes along axon & causes release of chemical signals into synapse |
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neurotransmitters |
chemical signals in which neighboring neurons communicate |
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serotonin |
implicated in emotional states, impulse controls & dreaming |
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dopamine |
implicated in motivation & reward |
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epinephrine |
responsible for bursts of energy (adrenaline) |
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norepinephrine |
involved in arousal & attention |
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GABA |
primary inhibitory transmitter in nervous system |
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glutamate |
primary excitatory transmitter |
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acetylcholine |
responsible for motor control at junction between nerve & muscles |
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endorphins |
involved in pain reduction & reward |
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reuptake |
neurotrans is reabsorbed into presynaptic terminal buttons (inhibited by SSRI & SNRI) |
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enzyme deactivation |
enzyme destroys neurotrans (inhibited by MAOI) |
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autoreceptors |
signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing neurotrans |
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central nervous system |
brain & spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system |
all other nerve cells in the body |
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somatic |
voluntary movement;transmits signals from CNS to muscles |
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autonomatic |
involuntary reactions;transmits signals from CNS to glands & internal organs |
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sympathetic |
fight or flight;norepinephrine & glutamate |
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parasympathetic |
rest & digest;GABA |
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Cortisol |
stress hormone released by adrenal cortex |
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Broca's area |
small portion of left frontal region, crucial for production of language |
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cerebral cortex |
complex mental activity (thoughts, perceptions) |
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Frontal lobe |
thoughts, working memory, reasoning, planning, decision-making |
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parietal lobe |
receives & integrates sensory info, particularly as related to space, direction & movement |
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occipital lobe |
responsible for vision |
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temporal lobe |
discrimination of sounds, comprehending language |
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thalamus |
gateway to brain, relays sensory info to cortex |
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hippocampus |
memory formation |
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hypothalamus |
regulates hormones & bodily functions |
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amygdala |
detection of threat;processing emotional info |
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nucleus accumbens |
pleasure & reward |
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Brain Stem |
extension of spinal cord, group of structures controls functions associated w/ survival |
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cerebellum |
responsible for coordinated movement & balance |
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plasticity |
property of brain that allows it to change as a result of experience or injury |
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neurogenesis |
production of new neurons in some brain regions |
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heritability |
statistical estimate of extent to which variation in a trait within a population is due to genetics |
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genome |
blueprint for making organisms is stored in nucleus of a cell |
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chromosome |
packaged organized structure containing DNA |
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Genes |
segments of DNA that determine characteristics of an organism |
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DNA |
chain of nucleotides |
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epigenetics |
environment & experiences can induce alterations in epigenome |
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epigenome |
organic compounds chemically attached to genes, but does not change DNA |
