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173 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
name the 12 organ systems
integumentary, muscular, immune, nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic, endocrine, respiratory, skeletal
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body.
What is physiology?
The study of the function of the biologial functions of the body. cause/effect and interactions.
What are models?
Simplified systems for understanding.
What are the levels of organization?
atom, molecule, oganelles, cell, tissue, organ structures, organism
How many cells in human body?
75-100 trillion.
What are the 4 main atoms in body.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Define homeostasis.
Ability to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of external conditions.
Name some examples of homeostasis in the human body.
Blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar level, salt to water balance, hormone levels to name a few.
What is life?
A highly organized interaction of matter and energy.
Name the 8 properties of life.
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, assimilation and digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
What is catabolism?
The breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks.
What is anabolisim?
The synthesizing of more complex cellular structures from simpler substances.
What is metabolism?
Simply, all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Name the 6 survival needs.
1. Nutrients- solids, liquids, gases.
2. Gasseous oxygen (O2). 3. Water, 4. Temp. range 0 to 100 (approx). 5. atm pressure at 1 atm. (760mm Hg) 6. gravity
What makes up the human body?
8-10 organ systems.
dozens of tissues and organs.
Conglomeration of cells (75 trillion)
Collection of carefully arranged atoms and molecules interacting in millions of different ways.
What are models?
Systems for understanding complex processes. A simplified version of something.
What are 2 examples of models in physiology?
Major organ systems.
Levels of structural organization.
Main factors of the internal environment that must be maintained in homeostasis:
concentration of nutrient molecules
" of O2 and CO2.
" of waste products.
" of H2O, salts, other electrolytes
Temperature. Blood pressure &volume
What are the 3 homeostatic control mechanisms?
receptor.
control center.
effector
What is a receptor? (homeostasis)
A sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending information to the control center.
Receptors can be: (3 things)
Complex sense organs.
Individual cells.
Receptor molecules on cells.
What is the control center?
Receives info from receptor, determines set point, analyzes input, and determines appropriate response or course of action.
Control center can be: (name parts)
Brain.
Individual organs.
What is an effector?
Provides means for the control center's response to stimuli.
Effectors can be: (name parts)
Muscles. (smooth, skeletal, cardiac).
Glands.
Name the three types of muscles.
Smooth, skeletal, cardiac.
What is negative feedback?
A change in one direction triggers an effector to respond in the opposite direction.
T or F?
Almost all homeostasis that goes on in the body is a process of negative feedback.
True.
Give some examples of negative feedback occurring in the body.
Body temperature regulation. Blood pressure regulation. (Think of homeostasis.)
What is positive feedback?
A change in one direction triggers even more change in the same direction.
Give an example of "good" positive feedback. And "bad."
Blood clotting. Labor contractions.

Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis. Auto-immune disease.
What are the three body planes?
Sagittal, frontal, transverse.
What are the two elements of scientific method?
1. Follows the natural laws
2. It use experimentation.
What is the rule of science?
Everything in the universe follows some kind of rules of nature.
What are 4 kinds of surface examinations?
1. Palpation: feeling w/ firm pressure.
2. Percussion: tapping sharply
3. auscultation: sounds that various organs make.
4. reflexes: condition of nervous system
What is a theory?
a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested 1000s of times, yet not disproved.
Name the two major body cavities. Name some major organs in them.
Dorsal- contains cranial and spinal cavities.
Ventral- contains thoracic cavity, diaphram, and abdominopelvic cavity.
The diaphram divides which two cavities?
Thoracic and abdomino-pelvic.
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into which two cavities? Name organs these two cavities hold.
Abdominal- contains digestive viscera.
Pelvic- contains reproductive organs, bladder and rectum.
Name the 4 quadrants of the torso. Name 2 organs in each.
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
RUQ-liver, gall bladder
LUQ-stomach, heart
RLQ- appendix, small intestine
LLQ- reproductive organs, bladder
Name the 9 abdominal regions.
Right hypocondriac- liver, r. kidney
epigastric- heart, stomach
left hypocondriac- stomach, l. kidney
right lumbar- ascending colon
umbilical- pancreas
left lumbar- descending colon
right iliac- r. ovary
hypogastric- bladder, repro organs
left iliac- l. ovary, small intestine
What do each of the organ systems do?
Whew!
What % of body is inorganic molecules?
2/3rds.
List some general characteristics of inorganic molecules.
Small molecules.
Little or no carbon atoms.
Usually dissolve easily in water.
Usually resist decomposition.
Undergo rapid chemical reactions.
Usually more likely to ionize.
Name three main inorganic molecules.
H2O.
Electrolytes.
Gases.
Name 5 main organic molecules.
Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Proteins.
Nucleic acids. ATP.
Vitamins.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Energy source.
Make nucleic acids.
Serve as markers on cells.
What is the function of lipids?
Store excess energy.
cold insulation.
electrical insulation around nerve cells.
Used to make some hormones.
Facilitate digestion.
What is the function of proteins?
Structural elements in many tissues.
Used to make hormones, transport enzymes, membrane carriers, antibodies, clotting buffers.
Regulate salt and H2O balance.
For blood clotting.
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Stores genetic code.
Controls cell division.
Regulates metabolism.
What is the function of vitamins?
Presence affects health and function of eyes, skin, GI tract, lungs, bones and teeth, nervous system, blood
Used as co-enzymes for many enzymes.
Name the 12 organ systems using

"I MIND CURLERS"
Integumentary, muscular, immune, nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic, endocrine,respiratory, skeletal
Carbohydrates are composed of which atoms?
C,H,O
Define glycosis.
The catabolization of simple carbohydrates. (provides cells with most of their energy)
Which solution tests for simple carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates?
Proteins (and polypeptides)?
Benedicts solution.
Lugol's iodine.
Biuret solution.
Proteins are constructed from which atoms?
C, H, O, N, S
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
92
How many natural elements are essential?
24
Which 6 elements play an essential role in all living systems?
CHON Ca P
CHON comprises what % of all cells?
96
CHON plus Ca and P comprise what % of all cells?
99
Is a chemical bond an object or an energy relationship?
An energy relationship.
What forms or breaks chemical bonds?
Chemical reactions.
Essential molecules cannot be made in the body. What are they?
O2
Vitamins
8 amino acids (10 in children)
2 fatty acids
H2O comprises what % of body mass?
60-65%
What are two of water's unique properties?
Polar nature.
Hydrogen bonds it can form.
Name H2O's 6 unique properties.
Universal solvent.
Chemical reactant.
Ability to stabilize temperature.
Acts as lubricant.
Cushioning. Transport medium.
What are the four types of tissue?

(MENC)
Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
Describe epithelium tissue function.
It covers body surfaces, and lines its cavities.
Describe muscle tissue function.
Allows locomotion. Generates heat.
Describe connective tissue function.
Supports and protects body organs.
Describe nervous tissue function.
Allows means of rapid internal communication
Define organ.
A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types. (four is more commonplace.
In homeostasis, the factor or event being regulated is called the ______.
Variable.
What is glucagon?
Pancreatic hormone, whose release is triggered by blood sugar decline below the set point.
Define organ.
A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types. (four is more commonplace.
In homeostasis, the factor or event being regulated is called the ______.
Variable.
What is glucagon?
Pancreatic hormone, whose release is triggered by blood sugar decline below the set point.
Name 6 function of H20 as an inorganic molecule.
1. solvent
2. reactant
3. lubricant
4. cushioning agent
5. transport agent
6. temperature homeostasis.
Name 5 functions of electrolytes as inorganic compounds.
1. Maintain salt/water
2. acid/base balance.
3. Important in bone and teeth formation
4. nerve impulses
5. muscle contractions
6. enzyme activation.
Name 4 inorganic gasses and their functions.
02- essential for respiration and and energy production. CO2- waste product that affects acid and base balance. NO- acts as neurotransmitter and hormone. CO- respiratory poison.
As an organic molecule, what are 3 functions of carbohydrates?
1. Energy source for most cells.
2. Used to make nucleic acids.
3. Serve as markers on surface of cell.
As an organic molecule, what are 6 functions of lipids?
1. Store excess energy.
2. Insulate from cold.
3. Electr. insulation around nerve cells.
4. Found in cell membranes.
5. Used to make some hormones.
6. Facilitate digestion.
As an organic molecule, what are 3 functions of nucleic acids?
1. Store genetic code.
2. control cell division.
3. Regulate metabolism.
What is ATP?
adenosine 5’-triphosphate

Special energy transfer molecule.
As an organic molecule, what are 2 functions of vitamins?
1. Presence effects health and functions of eyes, skin, GI tract, lungs bones, teeth, nervous system, blood,.2. Used as coenzymes for many enzymes.
What are electolytes?
Molecules that tend to disperse in solution into charged atoms.
What are 3 types of electrolytes?
Ions- Ca++, Na+, Cl-, K+
Salts- NaCl, carbonates, phosphates
Acids and bases- HCl, NaOH
Name some general characteristics of organic molecules.
1. Large- 100s to 10000s of atoms.
2. Contain lots of carbon.
3. Usually also contain lots of HON &P atoms.
4. May or may not dissolve easily in water.
5. All major org. molecules can be used for energy production ex. vitamins.
5 major organic molecules:
1. carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
5. vitamins
Most larger organic molecules are polymers of smaller units. Name them for carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids.
carbohydrates- monosaccharides
proteins- amino acids
fats- fatty acids and glycerol
nucleic acids- necleotides
4 general functions of carbohydrates.
1. Decompostion to provide most energy for cell in form of ATP.
2. Some excess converted to glycogen. (stored in liver and muscles)
3. Synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids. cell markers transport.
4. Ribose and deoxyribose to synthesize DNA & RNA.
Define "solute."
Things dissoved in solvent.
Define "solvent."
Any liquid that other things dissolve in.
Why is water important in the body?
As a solvent, it allows metabolism to happen.
As a reactant, it allows chemical reactions to occur.
% of water in blood?
In cells?
Between cells?
8%.
66%
30%
Define electrolyte.
Any molecule that tends to form ions.
Any charged molecule or atom.
Define pH scale.
A scale that measures relative amounts of acids and bases in a solution. 0 - 14
Define buffer.
Chemicals that can absorb excess acids or bases and prevent a drastic change in pH.
Define dehydration synthesis.
Hooking 2 simple sugars together by removing H2O molecule.
Define hydrolysis.
Breaking apart of of polysaccharide by adding H2O molecule.
What are the two most common organic molecues?
Lipids and proteins.
Define "solute."
Things dissoved in solvent.
Define "solvent."
Any liquid that other things dissolve in.
Why is water important in the body?
As a solvent, it allows metabolism to happen.
% of water in blood?
8%.
Define electrolyte.
Any molecule that tends to form ions.
Any charged molecule or atom.
What % of body is composed of lipids?
14- 20%
What are triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acids and glycerol.
List 6 functions of lipids.
1. Store energy.
2. Insulation from heat and cold.
3 Insulation around nerves.
4. Cushioning and protection. (heart, brains, spinal cord, kidneys)
5. Used as hormones.
6. Helps in digestion.
Name three types of lipids.
Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
Name 10 protein functions.
1. Structural element 2. transport 3. membrane carrier 4. clotting 5. pH buffer 6. salt/ water balance 7. hormones 8. enzymes 9. antibodies 10. photoreceptors
What is an enzyme?
Catalyst that causes a certain chemical reaction.
What are 3 functions of nucleic acids?
1. stores genetic code
2. controls cell division
3. regulates metabolism (by controlling enzyme synthesis)
Nucleic acids are composed of...
nucleotides.
Nucleotides are composed of what 3 compounds?
1. sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base
2 main kinds of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
What is RNA function?
"Helper" molecule. Reads genes, copies code.
What is ATP? What is it also known as?
(5th kind of nucleotide). Known as "energy transfer molecule." ATP transfers energy. It can readily absorb and release energy.
Vitamins:
1. larger or small molecules?
2. Form polymers? T/F
3. Most made by body? T/F
1. small
2. F
3. F
Name 4 functions of vitamins
1. Help absorb nutrients
2. Important to organ function
3. Bone and tooth development
4. Function as co-enzymes
Name 2 types of vitamins and 3 characteristics of each. Name specific vitamins in each group.
1. Water soluble (B, C): absorbed into blood; not stored well in body; sensitive to heat.
2. Fat soluble(D,A,K,E): less sensitive to heat; greater issues of toxicity; stored in body
Name 7 kinds of cells.
Fat, blood, sperm, oocyte, bone, smooth muscle, neuron.
Name the 4 major components of the cell.
1. membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. nucleus
4. organelles
What are the functions of organelles?
Energy, digestion, waste removal
Cell membrane is composed of what two components?
1. Phospholipids
2. Proteins
How does "fluid mosaic" define the cell membrane?
The membrane is a fluidy layer or lipid and phospholipids with proteins "floating around" and bobbing about.
What 4 compounds comprise the cell membrane?
1. 2 layers of phospholipids
2. proteins
3. cholesterol
4. glycoproteins
What are glycoproteins and what are 2 of their functions?
Carbohydrates hooked onto proteins.
They act as markers and as attachment sites.
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
It keeps the cell flexible and bendable.
How large is the nuceus in a blood cell?
Blood cells don't have a nucleus.
Name 8 organelles.
1. Ribosome 2. Endoplasmic reticulum 3. Mitochondria 4. Golgi bodies 5. lysosomes 6. peroxisomes 7. cytoskeleton 8. centriole
1. What is the function of ribosomes?
2. What gives ribosomes its instructions?
3. Where are ribosomes found?
1. Protein factories.
2. RNA
3. Stuck on rough ER
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
ER is a series of tubes and passageways in the cell.
What are the two types of ER and their function?
Rough ER- has ribosomes stuck to it. Moves proteins around.
Smotth ER- Make, break up and move lipids around in the cell. No ribosomes. Also is the site of drug detoxification.
What are mitochondria? What is produced there?
Energy factories. ATP is made there.
Do nerve and muscle cells contain few or many mitochondria?
100s of thousands
What is the function of Golgi bodies? What do they look like?
"Packing and shipping." They move stuff out of the cell.
They look like stacks of pancakes.
What is the function of lysosomes? Why are the sometimes referred to as "suicide bags'?
They contain and produce digestion enzymes. Because they can be instructed to pop open and destroy an old, weak or mutated cell.
What is the function of peroxisomes? What in particular do they destroy?
Detoxifiers.
Destroy free radicals in cells. Also, break down alcohol and drugs.
Why are free radicals toxic?
They are reactive chemicals that can destroy cells when in large numbers.
What is the shape and function of the cytoskeleton?
A fiber-like structure, similar to scaffolding,
It provides support and structure, and holds things in place. Allows cell movement.
What atoms make up DNA?
CHONP
What is the function of centrioles?
Important to cell division. Helps form spindle.
Name four cell surface features.
1.Microvilli- extensions of cell membrane- increases absorption
2. membrane junctions- hold cell together, allow communication, impermeability
3. Cillia- move stuff through tubes
4. flagellum- moves cell
What is membrane transport?
Name the two main types.
It's how and what things get things in an out of cell.
Passive and active movement.
Define and describe passive transport.
Movement of a substance down a concentration gradient.
Works w/ gradient.
Needs no ATP.
No help needed to get through.
Describe active transport.
Works up (against) the gradient.
Needs ATP.
Only found in living cells.
What are the three types of passive movement?
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Define simple diffusion.
Movement of a substance down a concentration gradient. (Main way small things cross membranes, move w/in cells,, fluid compartments.)
(Think cigarette smoke)
Define facilitated diffusion.
Movement of a solute across a membrane down a concentration gradient using a specific carrier protein.
Define osmosis.
diffusion of H20 across a membrane down an H2O concentration gradient.
--OR-- (water follows salt)
Movement of H20 across a membrane from a hypo- to a hyper-tonic solution.
Name three water states regarding salt content.
Hypotonic, hypertonic, and istonic.
Name two types of active movement (transport).
Solute pumping.
Bulk transport
Define solute pumping.
Movement of a solute across a membrane up a concentration gradient, using ATP and a protein carrier.
Name two requirements for solute pumping.
1. Lots of ATP.
2. A protein carrier.
Define bulk (vasicular) transport.
Movement of large particles (e.g. macromolecules) into or out of cells by forming large bubble-like vessicles.
Name four types of bulk transport. Briefly describe each.
1. Phagocytosis- engulfing (white b.c.'s engulf and hook up w/lysosome.)
2. Pinocytosis- liquid glob gets enclosed
3. Endocytosis- cell brings substance into cell (phagocytes)
4. Exocytosis- cell moves stuff out of cell (e.g. Golgi bodies)
How long does a cell typically live? How many die each day?
24 hours.
50 billion.
Two types of cell division. Describe briefly.
Mitosis- exact copy
Meiosis- sex cells
Name the five main stages of mitosis. (IPMAT) Describe occurances in each stage. (see notes for answer)
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
How long does mitosis typically take?
About one hour.
Which cells divide only during embryonic development?
Nerves, muscle cells.
Define anabolism. Give 3 examples.
Uses hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
Uses or makes ATP?
All synthesis reactions.
Creation of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, etc.
DSynthesis.
Uses ATP.
Define catabolism.
Give examples.
Uses or makes ATP?
All decomposition reactions taking place in cell.
Proteins to amino acids, lipids to fatty acids.
Makes ATP. (Point is to release energy.)
What is required for anabolism or catabolism?
Enzymes. Specifically, proteins
Briefly, how do enzymes work?
Enzyme as an active site to hold two molecules together to ge them to react. It can tweak the molecule to break it apart.
What is a metabolic pathway?
Give two examples.
A group of related highly organized chemical reactions, with groups of enzymes working together.
Glycolysis and and Kreb's cycle.
Describe how DNA, RNA, transcription and translation all work together
DNA needs certain reaction. Copies gene for that protein onto RNA. RNA carries instructions to ribosome. Ribosome makes the protein.
Which are the largest molecules in the body?
Nucleic acids.
Define enzyme.
Catalyst that causes a certain chemical reaction.
What are the essential molecules?
O2, vitamins, amino acids (8), 2 fatty acids