Exam 1

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genetic engineering

Back 1

humansmanipulate the genes of microorganisms

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Immunology

Back 2

studyof the immune response to infection caused by microorganisms

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decomposers

Back 3

microorganisms(MO) that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes

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pathogens

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Disease-causingmicroorganismsastes

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Helminths

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parasitic worms

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Prokaryotes

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microorganismsthat do not have a nucleus

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Bioremediation

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Usingmicrobes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals

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Sterile

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absence of any life forms and viral particles

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Taxonomy

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scientific field is involved in the identification,classification, and naming ofOrganisms

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Phylogeny

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studyof evolutionary relationships among organisms

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Classification

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orderlyarrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

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Inoculation

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purposefuladdition of microorganisms

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inoculums

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tinysample of specimen that is put into a nutrient medium

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differential medium

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distinguish different species or types of microorganismsbased on an observable change in the colonies

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objective lens

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real image

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ocular lens

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virtual image

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Gramstaining

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differentialstaining based on differences in cell wall

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Peritrichous

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presenceof flagella all over the cell surface/body

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Lophotrichous

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tuftof flagella emerging from the same site

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Amphitrichous

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refersto flagella at both poles

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Chemotaxis

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move in response to a chemical OR away from a chemical stimulus

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Fimbriae

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short,numerous appendage

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sex pili

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rigid,tubular appendages used during conjugation to transfer genes

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Hyphae

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long,thread-like branching cells of molds

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Mycelium

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intertwiningmass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold

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Capsid

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proteinshell around the nucleic acid core of a virus

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uncoating

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process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release theviralparticles

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lysogeny

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viral genome inserting into bacterial hostchromosome

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lysogenic conversion

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bacteriumacquires a trait from its temperate phage

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bacteriophages

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viruses that infect bacteria

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Prions

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Infectiousprotein particles

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Viroids

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Infectiousnaked strands of RNA that affect plants

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pathogens

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liveon or in the body of a host, and cause some degree of harm

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obligate

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existing in a very narrow niche

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facultative

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ability to exist in a wide range of conditions

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microaerophile

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requires a small amount of oxygen but won’t grow at normalatmosphericlevels of oxygen

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aerobe

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organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and hasthe enzymes toprocess toxic oxygen products

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facultative anaerobe

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canexist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments

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obligate anaerobe

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organismthat cannot tolerate an oxygen environment

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obligateaerobe

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organismthat cannot grow without oxygen

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thioglycollate

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mediais used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes

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mutualistic

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mutually beneficial relationship

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synergism

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microbeslive independently but cooperate and share nutrients

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commensalism

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a close nutritional relationship, and one benefits but theother is not harmed

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generation time

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timeinterval from parent cell to two new daughter cells

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nucleosome

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alinear chromosome wound around thehistone

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purine

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Adenine and guanine

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Pyrimidines

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Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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promoter

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nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase bindsto initiatetranscription

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intron

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sequenceof bases within a gene that does not code for protein

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regulator

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operonsegment composed of the gene that codes for a protein repressor

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excision repair

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process where mutationsare removed and the correct bases added

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Bacterialconjugation

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donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes apilus

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transformation

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The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live,competent recipient cellthat results in a changed recipient cell

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specialized transduction

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development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strainsdue to the presenceof a temperate phage

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gel electrophoresis

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techniquethat separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments

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lysogeny

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viral genome inserting into bacterial hostchromosomeviral genome inserting into bacterial hostchromosome

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DNA fingerprinting

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process is often used in forensic science in order todistinguish one sequence ofDNA from another by comparing the sequence ofthe strands at specific loci

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gene probes

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Labeled,known, short stretches of DNA

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gene therapy

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patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying aneeded, normal humangene

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metagenomics

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studyof genomes of a particular community

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Desiccation

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= removal of moisture by dehydration

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antibiotics

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Substances that are naturally produced by certainmicroorganisms that can inhibitor destroy other microorganisms