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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acquisition (of a conditioned response) |
A procedure or process whereby one stimulus (the CS) is presented in a predictive relationship with another stimulus (the US). Eventually the subject will acquire a response (CR) to the CS in anticipation of the US. |
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Anthropomorphizing |
Attributing human thought process to other animals. |
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Anticipation method |
A procedure demonstrating classical conditioning by presenting a CS and observing whether the CR occurs prior to presentation of the US. |
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Appetitive Event |
A stimulus that an individual approaches (e.g., food when hungry, water when thirsty) |
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Autoshaping (sign tracking) |
Animals will track stimuli that have been paired with appetitive substances. For example, pigeons will peck a key that has been followed in time by food. |
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Aversive event |
A stimulus that an individual avoids (e.g., electric shock, extreme heat or cold) |
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Blank Trials procedure |
A procedure demonstrating classical conditioning by the CR occurring on test trials on which the CS is presented without the US. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Procedure developed by pavlov to study learning when a stimulus event may be predicted but not controlled. In the original procedure meat powder (the US) was presented after a tone (an initially neutral stimulus that becomes a CS) resulting in salivation (CR) to the tone. Pavlov's dogs could predict food but not control when it occurred. |
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Compound Stimulus |
Two or more stimuli overlapping in time (e.g., a light and tone going off together) |
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Conditioned response (CR) |
The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (eventually a CS) resulting from its being presented immediately prior to another stimulus (the US). - (i.e., drooling/salivation, excessive activity) - Approach: sign tracking (approach object); goal tracking (further encounters) - Gastric acid secretion, pancreatic sec., and insilin sec. --> Spheric reflexes |
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
A novel stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a response (the CR) as the result of occurring prior to another stimulus (the US). |
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Conditioned suppression |
This procedure determines the strength of a conditioned stimulus predictive of shock from the extent to which the stimulus disrupts ongoing instrumental behavior. |
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Disinhibition |
If during extinction, a novel stimulus is presented simultaneously with a previously established CS, the likelihood of the CR is increased on the trial. |
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Excitatory Learning |
Learning that one event will be followed by another. For example, lightning is followed by thunder. |
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External inhibition |
If during acquisition, a novel stimulus is presented simultaneously with the CS on an individual trial, a decrease in the strength of the CR occurs on that trial. |
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Extinction |
A procedure in which a previously established predictive stimulus (CS) is no longer followed by the second stimulus (US) or an instrumental response is no longer followed by consequence. This usually results in a reduction in strength of the CR or a reduction in the frequency of an instrumental response. |
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Higher-order conditioning |
A procedure or process whereby a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., CS2=light) is presented in a predictive relationship with a second, previously established CS 1 (e.g., a tone that had already been paired with a US of shock). This usually results in CR occurring to the CS2 (the light) despite never having been paired with a shock. |
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Inhibitory Learning |
Learning that one event will not be followed by another. For example, sunshine is not followed by thunder. |
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Latent extinction (CS pre exposure) |
A phenomenon whereby prior exposure to a neutral stimulus slows down the process of the stimulus becoming a CS when followed by a US. |
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Learning Curve |
A graph showing a change in performance as the result of experience plotted on the y-axis and time or trials plotted on the x-axis. |
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Negative occasion setter |
A signal that a stimulus is inhibitory (i.e., predicts the absence of an event). For example a leash indicates that a large dog will not jump on you. |
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Neutral stimulus (novel stimulus) |
A stimulus that does not initially elicit any behavior related to a potential CS. For example, Pavlov's tone was a neutral stimulus until it acquired the capacity to elicit salivation (a CR). |
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Occassion setter |
A stimulus signaling whether a CS is predictive. |
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Positive occasion setter |
A signal that a stimulus is excitatory (i.e., predicts the occurrence of an event). For example, a hotdog signals that mustard will taste good. |
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Renewal effect |
The finding that a behavior extinguished in one context is likely to occur if the CS is presented in a different context. |
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Retardation-of-acquisation procedure |
A procedure used to measure inhibitory learning by demonstrating that the acquisition process is slowed down for a potential CS. |
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Sensory preconditioning |
A procedure or process whereby one neutral stimulus (CS 2, e.g., a light) is presented in a predictive relationship with a second neutral stimulus (CS 1, e.g., a tone). When CS1 is followed by a US (e.g., shock), this usually results in CRs to CS 2 as well as CS1 even though CS2 was never followed by shock. |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
An increase in the strength of a prior learned response after an extended time period lapses between extinction trials. |
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Stimulus discrimination |
Occurs during acquisition when one stimulus (the CS+, e.g., food) but a different stimulus (CS-, e.g., a tone) is never followed by the US. A CR (e.g., salivation) will occur to the CS+ (light) and not to the CS- (tone). |
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Stimulus generalization |
When a previously acquired learned response occurs in the presence of stimuli other than the original one, the likelihood being a function of the degree of similarity. For example, if food has been paired with a 1000 Hz tone, salivation will occur most to 1000 Hz, less to 900 Hz and 1100 and so on. |
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Summation (compound stimulus) procedure |
A procedure used to measure inhibitory learning by demonstrating that responding to a compound stimulus including a presumed inhibitory element is different from responding to the other element by itself. For example, if a light is presumed inhibitory, it could be combined with a tone that had previously been paired with shock. If the conditioned response to the light/tone compound was less than to the tone alone, one could conclude the light is INHIBITORY. |
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Suppression (CER) ratio |
An indirect procedure used to measure the strength of classical conditioning. The formula for suppression (CER) ratios divides the number of responses occurring when a CS is present by the number of responses occurring when it is present and absent. |
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Unconditioned response (UR) |
A response elicited by a stimulus (US) as the result of heredity (e.g., food reflexively elicits salivation, a puff of air elicits an eye blink, etc.). |
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Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
A stimulus that elicits a response (UR) as the result of heredity (e.g., food reflexively elicits salivation, a puff of air elicits an eye blink). |
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Reinforcer |
Any consequence of behavior causes a greater likelihood to be repeated (food pellet is a consequence) |
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Operant Behavior |
Operates with the environment (lever response = instrumental) - Controlled by consequence (reinforcement goes up, punishment down) |
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Operant Conditioning |
Reinforces consequence = acts on behavior |
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Discriminative Stimulus |
Tells if behavior will happen again (light on = respond; off = no response)
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S Delta |
Absence of the stimulus |
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Generalization |
Responding to similar stimuli (e.g.) Pigeon experiment - Tested with different color lights - What they found is birds respond most with color, they were trained with, also to similar colors |
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Categorization in Pigeon Experiment |
- Different pictures = reinforced or not - Peck + Tree = reinforced - No tree + no peck = no reinforcement - Same when testing to see if Margaret was in the picture |
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The Law of Effect |
Operant behavior depends on consequences |
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Operant conditioning paradigms |
- outcome added (+) = + reinforcement (i.e., clean room = weekly allowance) - outcome removed (-) = Negative reinforcement (escape avoidance training) (i.e., take aspirin = headache goes away) - outcome added (+) = + punishment (i.e., tease sister = scolding) - outcome removed (-) = negative punishment (i.e., fight with children = time out) |
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Respondent Behavior |
- Controlled by antecedents (things that happen before - Must manipulate antecedents (i.e., pavlov's dog) - can be conditioned/unconditioned |
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Flavor Preferred Learning |
- Flavor --> sugar, startch, calories, fat, protein, "medicine" = associated learning - Associate things with pleasant flavors = learned likeness |
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Flavor Aversion Learning |
- Flavor--> illness, unpleasant taste = taste aversion - Associate foods with unpleasant tastes |
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Fear conditioning |
- Bell(CS)-->shock(US), results in fear and emotion - Emotions triggered by the environment (part of learning) (i.e., panic disorders and anxiety) - Defensive reactions: freeze, withdraw from CS, startle, blood pressure change - response CS elicits makes us prepared for danger (shock surpasses other activities; motivates avoidance) |
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Implications for drug overdose |
Ahecdotal reports: (1) Overdose is more likely if one takes more than the normal amount (2) Absence of cues increases overdose, especially in context. (e.g., woman takes cocaine every morning before her mom wakes up. One day, her mother knocked on the door, this changed the scenario, and the woman ended up overdosing) - The scenario above caused her to loose her compensatory response - Experiment: Rats given 15 heroine injections, then a lethal dose. (1) Same room (2) Different room (3) Control (heroine for the first time) o Animals with lethal dose in same room were less likely to have a compensatory response Subjects in a different room had a greater chance of dying |
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Scalloping |
Animal learns over time - Think of how V1 and f1 play on one another, v1 = constant, f1 has gaps |
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Post reinforcement pauses |
Subject takes a break after trial |
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The matching law |
- Behavior happens all the time, similarly - Time allocates with proper reward - Concurrent reinforcement schedule (subjects reinforce at different rates) - People mimic behavior |
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Premack (1959) and (1963) |
(1963): Cebus Monkeys - Allowed to play with certain objects (flap flipping, door opening, and plunger pushing) - What they found, was that each object reinforced the other in terms of preference - Only works when there is a consequence to behavior (1959): 1st graders - Candy eating and pinball - Candy was the reinforcer (if set up as a consequence) |
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Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) |
- A more consistent measure than continuous reinforcement (CRF) - (i.e., only 50% is reinforced) - When the conditioned stimulus is only reinforced for a smaller amount of time, this would be partial. It causes the CRF to have elevated scores - When checking for extinction, the partial reinforcer is seen as a more stable and resistant to behavior |
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Frustration theory (cause 1 for PREE) |
- In PR, reinforced for performing while you are frustrated - This causes persistent in the face of frustration, or a frustration tolerance |
