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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain Interconnectivity |
Interaction of 2 hemispheres |
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Centrality of CNS |
incoming/outgoing information
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Hierarchic Organization |
Brain (highest) -> midbrain -> hindbrain -> spinal cord |
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Laterality Organization |
Left: Language, speech, calcuation Right: Emotions, visual spatial skills, music, attention, paralinguistics |
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Functional Networking |
Sensory vs. Motor (Afferent vs. Efferent) |
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Topographical Organization |
homunculus: "little man" -> motor and sensory info maps |
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Plasticity of the Brain |
Reorganize, adapt/modify |
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Culturally Neutral Brain |
varies in size, shape, weight, gender |
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CNS |
brain + spinal cord responsible for higher cognitive functions |
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Meninges |
surrounds CNS
membranes that envelop CNS to keep in cerebrospinal fluid
3 types: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater (adheres directly to brain/spinal cord) |
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spinal cord |
reflex actions and communication between brain and spinal nerves |
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PNS |
peripheral nerves and ganglia (group of nerve cell bodies)
outside of meninges and blood/brain barrier
autonomic and somatic nervous systems
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autonomic nervous system |
involuntary controls
sensory and motor nerves supplied to visceral organs/glands
2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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somatic nervous system |
voluntary control
sensory and motor neurons supplied to muscles and skin |
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sympathetic nervous system |
"fight or flight" 4 Fs: fight, flight, fear, fornication
prepares you for action |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
energy conservation associated with relaxation, reduced heart rate
"SLUD": salvation, lacrimation (crying), urination, defecation |
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enteric nervous system |
runs the gut |
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blood-brain barrier |
barrier that separates blood from cerebrospinal fluid
selectively permeable: only allows certain things to pass such as oxygen |
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frontal lobe |
higher mental functions: concentration, planning, judgment, emotional expression, creativity, inhibition
motor function
left frontal lobe = broca's area (production of speech)
receive input from basal ganglia |
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primary motor cortex |
frontal lobe
executes voluntary movement
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premotor cortex |
frontal lobe
select voluntary movements: coordinates and stores muscle movement patterns that are repetitive |
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prefrontal association cortex |
frontal lobe
planning actions and movements, executive decision, abstract thought |
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parietal lobe |
spatial organization
touch/sensory
somatosensory association area: evaluation of weight,texture, temperature |
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temporal lobe |
primary auditory cortex
association area: short-term memory, equilibrium, emotion |
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occipital lobe |
primary visual cortex: sight, image recognition, image perception
visual recognition |
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insular lobe |
between frontal and temporal
homeostasis
emotions
pain and temperature |
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brainstem |
midbrain, pons, medulla |
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midbrain |
motor control, vision, hearing, alertness
regulation of cortical/spinal functions |
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pons |
arousal, sleep contains all descending and ascending sensory fibers |
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medulla |
basic reflexes regulation of vital centers: cardiac, swallowing, respiratory |
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basal ganglia |
neural network
network of structures that form a ring around the thalamus
control body movement, body position, sense of direction/distance
muscle tone maintenance
parts: putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus acumbens, amygaloid nucleus |
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cerebellum |
participates in coordination
motor memory (learning how to ride a bike)
regulation of equilibrium
posture |
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thalamus |
"relay center" for afferent sensory and efferent motor
channels sensorimotor info to cortex (brain)
regulates emotion, attention, consciousness |
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hypothalamus |
controller of autonomic nervous system
below thalamus
behavior (hormonal secretions)
metabolic functions: water balance, sugar/fat metabolism, body rhythm control, body temp
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limbic system |
the brain system that regulates emotional drive to visceral and vegetative functions such as instinctual reflexes, aggression, anxiety, and fear
hippocampus: long term memory cingulate gyrus: feeling reward/punishment amygdala: aggression/active during fearful states olfactory bulb: smell hypothalamus thalamus |
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grey matter |
cell bodies
unmyelinated fibers
serves as layers in cerebral cortex
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white matter |
cell branches/connections
myelinated fibers that form medullary center
account for all inter + intra hemisphere connectivity
3 types: projection, association, comissural |
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projection fibers |
ascending/descending, connecting cortex to brain and spinal card
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association fibers |
a bundle of axons that unite different parts of the brain within the same hemisphere
- arcuate fasiciulus (left hemisphere) |
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commissural fibers |
in between both hemispheres
corpus callosum -- biggest bunch of comissural fibers |
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corpus callosum |
largest bundle of commissural fibers
allows each hemisphere to access the memory traces, experiences, and unique learning abilities of contralateral hemispheres |
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central sulcus |
separates primary motor and primary sensory cortex
separates frontal and parietal lobes
precentral gyrus and post central gyrus |
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precentral gyrus |
primary motor strip (frontal lobe) |
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postcentral gyrus |
primary sensory strip (parietal lobe) |
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lateral fissure |
aka sylvian fissure
separates frontal/temporal
separates temporal/parietal |
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parieto-occipital sulcus |
separates parietal/occipital |
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wernicke's area |
the understanding of written and spoken language
located left temporal lobe |
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broca's area |
the physical production of language
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longitudinal fissure |
fissure that separates 2 hemispheres |
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cell membrane |
separates extracellular from the intracellular
membrane = impermeable phospholipid bilayer
have embedded protein machines |
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protein machines |
channels: specific, can vary
transporters: protein machine that moves substance from inside -> outside
receptors: receive certain chemicals |
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neurons |
~100 billion neurons
critical for information processing
carry electrical currents (message that travels)
capable of chemical synaptic transmission
3 types: sensory, motor, and interneurons
specialized for communication
neuron receives info, integrates info, and produces output |
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sensory neurons |
receive information
convey signals from dendrites -> synapse
skin, muscle, joints, organs |
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motor neurons |
provoke behavior, move muscles
send info
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interneurons |
support staff
organized as network for perception and cognition |
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glia cells |
brain cell
out number neurons
provides support
smaller than neurons (no axon and dendrites)
4 types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial, schwann cells |
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astrocytes |
brain/spinal cord only
maintain appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling
blood-brain barrier -> regulates transmission of substances across blood vessels
forms scars around dead brain tissue |
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oligodendrocytes |
lay myelin on some axon (CNS only) |
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microglial cells |
remove debris |
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schwann cells |
lay myelin on some axon in PNS only |
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how does a message/electric current travel in a neuron? |
dendrites -> soma (cell body) -> axon |
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dendrites |
branch like extensions that receive info from other neurons
covered in receptor proteins
w/age can grow more surface area for more info |
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soma |
cell body
cell maintenance and protein synthesis
nucleus, cytosol, organelles, cytoplasm |
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axon |
conducts electric signal/message away from soma
singular tube like extension
begins at axon hillock and ends at axon terminal
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CN II |
OPTIC
vision mediates vision information watching somebody's facial exp reading |
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CN V |
trigeminal
innervates some of the head, neck, and face
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CN VII |
facial nerves
face nerves |
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CN VIII |
auditory nerve
hearing and balance |
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CN VIV |
tongue and throat
glossopharyngeal |
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CN X |
larynx and voice box
swallowing, coughing, voice |
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CN XI |
accessory
moves muscles of head and shoulders |
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CN XII |
hypoglassal
moves tongue, floor of mouth |
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which 3 cranial nerves are involved in complex function of swallowing? |
CN VIV, CN X, and CN XI |
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resting potential |
when a neuron isn't generating an electrical impulse (no current/message flowing)
when inside of cell is approx -70mV (or 70 mV more negative than outside of cell)... so outside cell is more positive
more K+ inside, more Na+ outside
maintenance of negative charge inside --> allows excitability of cell (potential for action)
sodium potassium pump at rest pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ in |
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ion channels |
potassium ion channel (nongated)
sodium ion channel (nongated)
there are more K+ channels than Na+ channels |
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concentration gradient |
ions will move to areas of lower concentration of that ion
difference in concentration of molecules (ions) in "space)
@rest: more K+ in and Na+ out so that there is a different amount inside and outside of each ion |
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electrical force |
opposites attract
negative ions move toward positive charges and vice versa
movement of ions is called electrical current
at rest: more negative inside than outside |
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sodium potassium pump |
protein machine in membrane that pumps (against concentration gradient)
kicks out 3 Na for every 2 K that comes inside
this happens continuously |
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depolarization phase |
aka "upstroke"
part of action potential
caused by sodium influx into the cell
if depolarization reaches threshold, it triggers an action potential
opens sodium channels, closes potassium channels |
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repolarization |
aka "downstroke"
caused by flow of potassium ions out of cell -> makes inside cell negative again
most Na+ channels closed and K+ channels open
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hyperpolarization |
"undershoot"
at end of action potential, membrane becomes more negative
some K+ ions continue to diffuse through open channels (causing undershoot)
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Overshoot |
inside of cell becomes positively charged with respect to outside
"top of graph" |
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action potential propagation |
When the sodium channels are opened, sodium ions rush in; once inside they cause nearby regions of the neuron to become depolarized by moving laterally through the axon. This, in turn, causes the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels in those regions. Thus, the sodium channel activation moves in a wave-like fashion: the action potential is propagated down the length of the neuron, from its input source at the dendrites, to the cell body, and then down the axon to the synaptic terminals. |
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angular gyrus |
assist in linguistic process, integrating visual, auditory, and tactile info with linguistic
near wernicke's area |
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arcuate fasciculus |
a white fibrous tract underlying the angular gyrus
the message in language production is transmitted through this area
connects broca's area to wernicke's area |
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3 types of neurons |
multipolar: most cells in CNS many dentrites and one axon
bipolar: retina/inner ear. have one axon/dentrite at each end
unipolar: t shaped, one axon/dentrite split into two |
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peduncle |
bundle of fibers that connects the cerebellum with the brainstem |
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flexion |
bending movement of limb |
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extension |
straightening movement of limb |
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adduction |
limb is moved toward central axis of body |
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abduction |
limb is moved away from central axis of body |
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pronation |
movement that turns palm downward (or laying on belly)
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supination |
action that turns the palm upward (or lying on back) |
