Exam 1

Front 1

5 Basic Characteristics of living Organisms

Back 1

1. Energy utilization
2. Cells
3. Information
4. Growth and Reproduction
5. Evolutionary adaptation

Front 2

Pop. Sizes stay relatively constant over the b/c

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Resources are limiting

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Req. For Evo. by Natural selection

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1. Heritable trait variation within a pop.
2. survival and reproduction of indv. w/ specific heritable traits

Front 4

Classifying life Forms

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1. Does it move? - Linnaeus, Animals + Plants
2. Nucleus?-Eukaryotes, prokaryotes. Mod. Linnaeus scheme-animals, fungi, plants, protists, monera
3. Sim. of molecular seq.? Carl Woese's phylogenetic tree 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaean, Eukarya

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Taxa (divisions)

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kingdom (animalia)
Phylum (chordata)
Class (mammalia)
Order (primates)
Family (Hominidae)
Genus (homo)
species (sapiens)

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotes : do not have membrane- bound nucleus
Eukaryotes: have membrane-bound nucleus

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What is an atom?

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•dense nucleus formed of protons and neutrons
•Orbiting cloud of electrons
• # of protons = chemical Character b/c is # of elections available for chemical activity
• chemistry mediated by electrons

Front 8

Atomic #

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# of protons (seen on periodic table)

Front 9

Atomic Mass

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Sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons

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Structure of Atoms

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Front 11

Isotopes

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Atoms of an element (same # protons) that possess a dif. # neutrons

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Molecule

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group of atoms held together by energy (chemical bonds) in a stable association

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Types of Bonds

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-ionic bonds
-covalent bonds
-hydrogen bonds (van der Waals forces)

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The formation of molecules depends on the tendency of elections to...

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1) Occur in pairs
2) Balance + and - charges
3) Fill the outermost energy shell (satisfy "octet" rule)

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Covalent Bonds

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• 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons
• covalently bonded atoms form a molecule, b/c covalent bonds are strong

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Theory

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an expectation of what would happen

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Hypothesis

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Tentative explanation that maybe tested or answered by further investigation or experiment

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Prediction

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making an educated guess as to the outcome of a situation

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Cell Theory

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all living things are made of and came from cells

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Microscope

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lab equipment used to magnify small things that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Cell

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the stwchval, functional, ad biological unit of all organisms

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Spontaneous generation

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previously popular idea that living organisms develop from nonliving matter

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Descent w/ modification

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passing of traits from parent organisms to offspring

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Heritable Trait

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traits that are caused by genes

Front 25

Speciation

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The process in which new genetically distinct species evolve, often by genetic isolation

Front 26

rRNA

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Sits in the ribosome, decoding mRNA into dif. amino acids and helping in translation

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Tree of life

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metaphor expressing the idea that all life is related by common descent

Front 28

Chemical Evolution

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Formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions in early oceas

Front 29

Carbon

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Valence 4 ( 4 unpaired electrons) can make 4 bonds, 3 isotopes, 6 protons

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Non-polar covalent

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electrons spend copal time W/ both nuclei in bond

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Polar Covalent

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1 nuclei is more electronegative, elections spend more wme near that nucleus, giving it partial negative charge

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Nitrogen

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atomic #:7

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Hydrogen

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Atomic #: 1

Front 34

Dalton

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Unit of mass =~weight of hydrogen atom 1.657 x 10^-24g

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Electron shell

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outside par of an atom around the atomic nucleus

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Valence electron

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an election which is associated with on atom

Front 37

Electro negativity

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the tendency to attract electrons
O>> N>C ~=H

Front 38

what determines the strength of covalent bonds?

Back 38

Depends on # shared electron pairs

Front 39

Atoms and ions

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• Neutral atoms- sane # protons and electrons
• ions-atoms where protons and elections aren't equal
• cation- net positive charge
• anion-net neg. charge

Front 40

Ionic bonds

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• weak
• dissociate in water
• form when atoms of opp. electrical charges attract each other

Front 41

Mole

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Front 42

Cohesion vs. Adhesion

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Cohesion :like molecules sticking to each other due to mutual attraction
Adhesion: diff molecules or surfaces clinging to each other

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Back 43

Front 44

Hydrogen Bonds

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• polar molecules interact w/ each other b/c of charge separation
• pariah negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial positive side of another molecule

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Solvent + Solute

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Front 46

Properties of H20

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Front 47

pH

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A change of 1 pH unit translates into 10 -fold difference, 2 → 100-fold, 3 →1000-fold

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Buffer

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Chemical Reactions

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Front 50

Energy in Chemical Reactions

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Front 51

Energy Types

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Front 52

1st Law Thermodynamics

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Front 53

Entropy

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thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work

Front 54

Spontaneous and Non spontaneous Chem. reactions

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Processes that proceed in a definite direction on their own are spontaneous , those that require energy are the latter

Front 55

2nd law thermodynamics

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Front 56

Gibbs free energy

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Front 57

Free radicals

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atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valence elections or on open electron shell

Front 58

Organic vs. Inorganic molecules

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• organic always contain carbon or almost all have C-H bonds

Front 59

Disulfide Bond

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a single covalent bond between 2 amino acids called cysteine

Front 60

Chem. Evolution Hypothesis for Origin of life

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Front 61

Protein Functions

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