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61 Cards in this Set

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Microbiology-
study of living things too small to see w/ naked eye
coined term cells, used compound microscope to determine large organisms composed of cells
Robert Hook
invented 1st simple microscope; discovered bacterial world
Antonie van Leewenhoek
developed taxonomic system
Carlos Linnaes
toxonomic system-
system for naming plants/animals & grouping similar organisms together (plant/animal kingdom)
1st to prove living things do not occur by ambiogenisis/spontaneous generation, made vaccines for anthrax/rabies (flask experiment)
Louis Pastuer
modified scientific method to prove that given pathogens caused specific disease; discovered specific agents that cause tb, cholera, anthrax (postulates)
Robert Koch
both used antiseptic to lower death rate in hospitals
Ignaz Semmelweis (child birth) & Joseph Lister (wounds)
founded modern nursing; introduced antiseptic into nursing practice
Florence Nightengale
invented vaccination; began immunology
Edward Jenner
3 types of RNA
messengerRNA, transferRNA, ribosomalRNA
What enzyme carries out transcription?
RNA polymerase
Pheonotype-
determines what we look like
Prokaryotic Cells
one, circular chromosome, no membrane bound organelles, super tight coils
Inclusions-
may or may not be present, flaw/refractile body in bacterial cell
flagellum-
polymers of single protein called flagelin, rotate like corkscrew, for motility
polymers-
chain of repeating units, formed through dehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis-
loss of h20 molecule
hydrolysis-
loss of h20 molecule
glycosidic linkage-
hold glucose bonds together
amylose (polysaccharide)-
straight chain of glucose, digestable, used for glucose storage
cellulose (polysaccharide)-
large sheets of bonds, not digestable, used for structural support in plant cell walls
glycogen (polysaccharide)-
branched structure, digestable, used for glucose storage and structural support in bacteria cell walls
proteins have...
1+ polypeptides.
what is the backbone of a protein?
Amino Group + R-group (makes each AA different) + Carboxyl (acid) group
polar R group of protein contains
O and/or N.
non polar R group of protein contains
only C and/or N
Amino acids are linked by
peptide bonds.
peptide bonds form
polypeptides.
primary structure of protein-
one strand
secondary structure of protein-
helix or pleated sheet (one polypeptide).
tertiary structure of protein-
sum of all helix and pleated sheets on one polypeptide.
quaternary structure of protein-
2+ polypeptides put together.
What are the 4 functions of a protein?
1. transport substances 2. catalyze reactions 3. movement 4. structure
saturated lipids include-
tight packing (butter)
unsaturdated lipids include-
loose packing (oils)
what end of phospholipid is polar?
head
what end of phospholipid is non-polar?
tails
cholesterol-
stabilizes membranes, prevents abbrupt phase transitions in membranes (butter/oil)
Extremely Acidic to neutral =
increase H+ ions (0-7)
Neutral to Extremely basic=
increase of OH- ions (7-14)
nucleic acids=
DNA / RNA, polymers of nucleotides, store transmit genetic info
nucleic acids form by?
dehydration synthesis.
what bonds hold nucleic acids together?
phosphodiester bonds.
Semi Conservative-
the way DNA replicates, saves one old strand, copy new daughter strand
every living thing shares....
the genetic code
what determines what we will be?
sequence of the genetic code
Start codon-
AUG (Methionine)
Stop codon-
UAA, UAG, UGA (do not code for anything)
What are the 8 classifcations of Biology?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species
6 things that make Prokaryotes different from Eukaryotes?
haploid, cell walls, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, no nuclei, mostly small (bacteria / archaea)
6 things that make Eukaryotes different from Prokaryotes?
diploid, no cell wall, uni/mutilcellular, membrane bound organelles, nuclei, mostly large
eukaryotes include
fungi and protists
prokaryotes include
bacteria and archaea
characteristics of plantlike structures
algae, do not move, photosynthesis
characteristics of animal like structures
protozoa, move, no photosynthesis
tetrad-
group of 4
staphylococcus-
clustered
diplococcus-
2
streptococcus-
chain
palisade-
rods bent at an angle