Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
exogenous minerals are |
from outside of the body inhalation or absorbed into skin no physiologic purpose not a by product of normal metabolic process |
|
|
list the exogenous metals |
carbon silica asbestos |
|
|
what is carbon from |
most common inhaled from air phagocytized by macrophages
lungs anthrocotic pigment mediastinum lymph nodes from macs |
|
|
how does carbon look under he |
black irregular in size and shape no special stain, dx by appearance and location very black, irregular in shape and size elimination of other possibilities ie melanin lung lymph nodes |
|
|
what is silica from |
occupational exposure by miners inhaled =silicosis (cirrhosis of lungs)
h&e not stained- no special stains, viewed with polarizing lense |
|
|
asbestos from |
insulation: pipes, tiles, ships, homes car break linings
inhaled in lungs, fibrous reactions=asbestosis can find in cytology specimens |
|
|
how does asbestos look under the microscope |
brown long thin crystalline fibers
cannont see when first in body, need hemosiderin deposition to make colored |
|
|
what special stain can be used for asbestos |
Prussian blue |
|
|
for asbestos what section thickness |
thicker 5-10 |
|
|
disease process from asbestos |
cancer=mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma |
|
|
list other exogenous minerals |
lead gold aluminum berylium silver zinc |
|
|
stain for exogenous |
hematoxylin method
microincineration |
|
|
what are endogenous pigments and minerals |
serve a physiological function or byproduct of normal metabolic process
produce and used in tissue |
|
|
what are endogenous minerals broken down to |
hematogenous (hemosiderin/bile)
and
non hematogenous (calcium, copper, urate, melanin)
|
|
|
where Is calcium normally found |
bone teeth |
|
|
abnormally found in |
arteries (atherosclerosis) lung infections ( tb) lymph nodes (tb) breast (ca) kidney tubules (hypercalcinosis) placenta |
|
|
what does calcium look like under h and e |
blue to purple |
|
|
what are the calcium salts and how are they seen |
calcium phosphate= special stain
calcium carbonate= special stain
calcium oxylate=pizzoloto/birefringence |
|
|
fixative for calcium |
no calcium phosphate buffers
no picric acid acetic acid or hgcl2=decla
avoid decal |
|
|
troubleshooting alizarin red
minimal time |
may be understained
miss minimal deposits
false negative |
|
|
troubleshooting alizarin red
maximum time |
as leave in stain deposits look bigger, easy to see minimal deposits
may start to get background staining |
|
|
what is calcium oxylate |
excreted by kidneys into urine
high levels in kidneys seen with primary oxalosis-genetic rare chronic kidney disease |
|
|
how is copper seen |
must have large quantities 10um for minimal high amounts in cirrhosis wilsons disease
|
|
|
what is wilsons disease |
unable to release unused copper accumulate in liver, parts of brain, eye, organ toxic, causes cell death
|
|
|
control for copper |
wilsons disease liver fetal liver, no breah bedlington terrier liver |
|
|
what is the quality control for rhodanine and what does it bind |
fade with time fade in xylene many other yellow brown pigments binds proteins to which copper is bound not copper |
|
|
what is uric acid |
normal break down of purine metabolism
in blood as monosodium urate, water soluble
if the levels are high, subcutaneous nodular deposits= gouty tophus, ulcerate arthritis- painful swollen joints renal disease |
|
|
melanin is found where |
epidermis (melanocytes donate keratinocytes) melanoma eye brain-substantia nigra |
|
|
list other argentaffin cells that reduce |
argentaffin=intestine and lung chromaffin=gi, adrenal |
|
|
what is melanin bleaching for |
differentiate melanin from other argentaffinic tissues |
|
|
what must you do when bleaching |
charged slide tissue is easily dislodged during bleaching and silver
must have control |
|
|
2 stains for melainin |
Fontana masson
schmorl |
|
|
what reaction does a schmorl do |
turnball blue
ferric +3 is reduced to ferrus +2 potassium ferricyanide + ferrous ions =
ferros ferricyanide |
|
|
control for schmorl |
skin for melanin small intestine for argentaffin cells |
|
|
does the Fontana or schmorl have more advantages |
schmorl |
|
|
what are the schmorls advantages over Fontana masson |
easy cheapp fast sensitive (amelonotic melanomas) |
|
|
what does lipofuchsin look like and what is it |
yellow-brown pigment on h and e normal breakdown product of cell membrane metabolism wear and tear pigment |
|
|
where is lipofuchsin found |
liver cardiac cell adrenal neurons lipid storage disease |
|
|
what is pseudomelanosis pigment
and what stains |
found in macs of large intestine and appendix
from purgatives
stain with Fontana masson and schmorl |
|
|
what are the endogenous, hematogenous minerals |
hemaglobin bile |
|
|
what is hemaglobin |
involved in carrying and oxygenation of tissue
globin=protein heme= red iron bound not stain |
|
|
what does hemoglobin look like with h and e |
bright pink with eosin/phloxine
|
|
|
what is hemosiderin |
eaten iron absorbed in intestine, complexed with protein in body
made of ferric form of iron=ferric hydroxide |
|
|
where are broken down rbcs stored |
spleen liver bone marrow recycled |
|
|
what is the golden brown pigement in rbc |
hemosiderin |
|
|
what is iron deficiency anemia caused from |
hemmorrhage mensus malabsorption of iron in intestine diet
absence of stainable iron in bone marrow clot |
|
|
what is hemosiderosis caused from |
iron injections blood transfusions
spleen bone marrow or liver |
|
|
what is hemochromatosis |
overabsorption in gi regardless of iron stores |
|
|
what is hemolytic anemia |
an autoimmune disease |
|
|
what are other ferric ion demonstrations |
hemosiderin laden macrophages
kuppfer cells in liver hemolytic anemia
asbestos- coated with hemasiderin |
|
|
what does ferric ions look like with h and e |
golden brown hemosiderin |
|
|
what is a bile pigment |
when hemoglobin is released and separated into heme and globin
the hemes iron is removed and stored and the remaining ring is a tetra pyrole ring=beliverdin (spleen and bone marrow) |
|
|
where is biliverdin made to bilirubin |
liver |
|
|
what is bilirubin conjugated to |
glucuronic acid to water soluble complex bilirubin glucoronide |
|
|
where is biliverdin stored
released |
gallbladder
released in duodenum via ampulla of vater |
|
|
are there many types of bile pigments |
yes, bile, bilirubin, bilivertin conjugated and unconjugated |
|
|
what does bile look like |
brown yellow globules in liver cells |
|
|
what causes jaundice |
cirrhosis bile cannot flow out, back up into liver |
|
|
what does bile look like under h and e |
like lipofuchsin |
|
|
what does bile look like under flouescence |
not autofluoresce, lipofuchsin does |
|
|
why does nobody do the gmelin stain |
unreliable must repeat, messy not permanent |
|
|
where is formalin pigment found |
spleen hemorrhage blood congested lung blood congested liver
|
|
|
what does formalin pigment look like |
small crystals that appear on top of rbc
look like pepper birefringe with polarized light |
|
|
what is malarial pigment |
similar to formalin pigment, may be same
formed in or around rbc that have paraside |
|
|
where is malarial pigment seen |
hemorrhage blood vessel phagocytes that have ingested rbc kupffer cells of liver sinus living of ln an dspleen phagocyts of bone marrow |
|
|
what is mercury pigment caused from |
zenker helly b5 |
|
|
what does mercury pigment look like |
fine crystals, needle or square like plates
over all parte of tissue more abundant in tissue than periphery |
|
|
what is chromate pigment |
from tissue fixed in dichromates
zenker helly orth muller |
|
|
how else is chromate pigment made |
if fixative to high percentage of alcohol |
|
|
where can tattoo ink be found |
in macrophages |
