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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cell
the basic unit of all living things
the combining form cyt/o
means cell
cytology
study of cells
cytogenic
pertaining to producing cells
cytoid
resembles a cell
the suffix -cyte
also means cell: erthrocyte, lymphocyte, leakocyte
the outer cell membrane contains the
cytoplasm--substance that makes up the body of the cell
at the center of the cell is the
nucleus--a small round structure that contains chromosomes
the combining form meaning nucleus is
kary/o; thus a karyocyte is any cell with a nucleus; it's substance is referred to as karyoplasm
every human nucleus contains
46 chromosomes; except the mature sex cell, which contains 23.
within each chromosome are several thousand smaller regions called
genes that are made up of DNA
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; a chemical that regulates the cell's activities
a complete set of these genes is called a
genome
gene therapy
new treatment used to save cancer patients' lives by the transfer of genes
the combining form meaning tissue is
hist/o
the term histology
refers to the study of tissue
muscle tissue
produces movement; my/o
nerve tissue
conducts impulses to and from the brain; neur/o
myopathy
the disease of the muscle
neuropathy
disease affecting the nerve
connective tissue
sarc/o
fat tissue
lip/o
bone tissue
osseous; osse/o means bone and -ous meaning pertaining to
epithelial tissue is found in
the skin (epitheli/o)
lipoid
resembling fat
neuroid
resembling a nerve
organ
organ/o
system
system/o
body
somat/o
systemic
a disease or syndrome that affects a whole system
somatic
anything that pertains to the body itself
the contains how many large cavaties?
5
cranial cavity
at the top, space inside the skull, cranium,that holds the brain.
The spinal cavity
cradles the spinal column.
the thoracic/chest cavity
contains the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi.
the abdominal cavity
houses the stomach, intestines, etc.
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
color plays a role
in numerous medical terms
chrom/o
means color in general
xanth/o
means yellow
-ic
means pertaining to
thus, xanthochromic, means
pertaining to yellow color
-osis
an abnormal condition
therefore, jaundice,
being an abnormal condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn a yellow color would be termed xanthosis.
erythr/o
means red
leuk/o
means white
leukocytosis
an increase in the number of white blood cells
a cancerous tumor is called
carcinoma
melan/o
means black
a black tumor is called
melanoma
if it is known to be cancerous or malignant, it is called
melanocarcinoma
cyan/o
means blue
cyanosis
an abnormal condition of a bluish hue to the skin resulting from an inadequate supply of hemoglobin, or oxygen, in the blood.
diagnosis
(Dx) comes from the prefix dia- (meaning complete or thorough, the combining form gno/o (meaning knowledge), and the suffix -sis (meaning state of). Thus, diagnosis means the state of complete or thorough knowledge.
pathologist
specialist in the study of disease
oncologist
specialist in the study of oncology (from the root onc/o which means tumor or mass)
oncogenic
causes tumors (suffix -genic means producing, originating or causing)
pathogenic
means producing disease
somatogenic
a symptom that originates in the body
the suffix -gen as well as the suffix -genic
is used to indicate a substance that produces or causes—for example, a cancer-causing substance is a carcinogen (from the combining form carcin/o).
eti/o
means cause (of disease), and thus etiology is the study of causes of diseases.
If the cause is unknown (idi/o),
the disease is said to be idiopathic (idi/o + path/o + -ic).
dysplasia
abnormal development; a term built using the suffix -plasia (condition of formation, development, or growth) and the prefix dys- (abnormal, difficult, labored, or painful).
hypoplasia
is an incomplete development, usually of an organ or tissue; the word comes from combining -plasia with the prefix hypo-, meaning below, incomplete, or deficient.
hyperplasia
the excessive development of an organ or tissue, coming from changing the prefix to hyper-, which means above or excessive.
metaplasia
refers to the change in development of normal tissue cells from the expected type into another type. The prefix meta- means after, beyond, or changed.
neoplasm
a new growth coming from the prefix neo- meaning new and the suffix -plasm meaning growth, substance, or formation
neopathy
a new disease
tumor
aka: neoplasm; a mass or growth that arises from normal tissue
benign tumor
nonrecurrent and not malignant
malignant tumor
invasive, becomes progressively worse and can cause death as in cancer;
suffix -oma
indicates a tumor or mass
smooth muscle
lei/o (smooth) my/o (muscle)...leiomyoma (a benign tumor), but if it is cancerous or malignant it is called leiomyosarcoma.
-sarcoma
meaning cancerous or malignant tumor
fibroma
a benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue
striated muscle combining form
rhabd/o
metastasis (mets)
comes from the prefix meta- (meaning beyond, after, or change) and the suffix -stasis (meaning control, stop, or standing), and thus means beyond control; it refers to the transfer of disease from one organ to another, as in the transfer of malignant tumors, which often leads to death.
exacerbation
increase in the severity of disease or its symptoms
carcinoma in situ
This means that the cancer is in the early stage; it has not yet invaded surrounding tissue and is thus easier to treat with greater hopes of a complete recovery.
benign tumors do not invade surrounding areas b/c they are
encapsulated, held within a fibrous capsule
histogenesis
The most logical way to categorize these cancers; The combining form hist/o means tissue, and the suffix -genesis means origin, so histogenesis refers to the type of tissue from which tumor cells originate.
cancer can also be caused by
viruses or heredity
retinoblastoma
tumor that arises in the eye
TNM
One of the most common staging systems for cancer; For example, a tumor with a label of T1N2M0 would be described as follows: the T refers to the size and extent of the tumor itself; thus, a T1 suggests a small tumor. The letter N in this same code represents the number of regional lymph nodes involved. Finally, the letter M refers to the spread to distant sites—in other words, the number of metastases, which in this case is zero.
Duke Staging System
for colon cancer