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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell
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the basic unit of all living things
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the combining form cyt/o
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means cell
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cytology
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study of cells
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cytogenic
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pertaining to producing cells
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cytoid
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resembles a cell
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the suffix -cyte
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also means cell: erthrocyte, lymphocyte, leakocyte
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the outer cell membrane contains the
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cytoplasm--substance that makes up the body of the cell
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at the center of the cell is the
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nucleus--a small round structure that contains chromosomes
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the combining form meaning nucleus is
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kary/o; thus a karyocyte is any cell with a nucleus; it's substance is referred to as karyoplasm
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every human nucleus contains
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46 chromosomes; except the mature sex cell, which contains 23.
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within each chromosome are several thousand smaller regions called
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genes that are made up of DNA
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; a chemical that regulates the cell's activities
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a complete set of these genes is called a
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genome
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gene therapy
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new treatment used to save cancer patients' lives by the transfer of genes
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the combining form meaning tissue is
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hist/o
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the term histology
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refers to the study of tissue
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muscle tissue
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produces movement; my/o
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nerve tissue
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conducts impulses to and from the brain; neur/o
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myopathy
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the disease of the muscle
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neuropathy
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disease affecting the nerve
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connective tissue
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sarc/o
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fat tissue
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lip/o
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bone tissue
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osseous; osse/o means bone and -ous meaning pertaining to
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epithelial tissue is found in
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the skin (epitheli/o)
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lipoid
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resembling fat
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neuroid
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resembling a nerve
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organ
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organ/o
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system
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system/o
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body
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somat/o
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systemic
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a disease or syndrome that affects a whole system
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somatic
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anything that pertains to the body itself
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the contains how many large cavaties?
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5
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cranial cavity
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at the top, space inside the skull, cranium,that holds the brain.
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The spinal cavity
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cradles the spinal column.
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the thoracic/chest cavity
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contains the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi.
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the abdominal cavity
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houses the stomach, intestines, etc.
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pelvic cavity
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contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
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color plays a role
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in numerous medical terms
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chrom/o
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means color in general
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xanth/o
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means yellow
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-ic
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means pertaining to
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thus, xanthochromic, means
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pertaining to yellow color
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-osis
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an abnormal condition
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therefore, jaundice,
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being an abnormal condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn a yellow color would be termed xanthosis.
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erythr/o
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means red
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leuk/o
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means white
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leukocytosis
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an increase in the number of white blood cells
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a cancerous tumor is called
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carcinoma
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melan/o
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means black
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a black tumor is called
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melanoma
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if it is known to be cancerous or malignant, it is called
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melanocarcinoma
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cyan/o
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means blue
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cyanosis
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an abnormal condition of a bluish hue to the skin resulting from an inadequate supply of hemoglobin, or oxygen, in the blood.
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diagnosis
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(Dx) comes from the prefix dia- (meaning complete or thorough, the combining form gno/o (meaning knowledge), and the suffix -sis (meaning state of). Thus, diagnosis means the state of complete or thorough knowledge.
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pathologist
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specialist in the study of disease
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oncologist
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specialist in the study of oncology (from the root onc/o which means tumor or mass)
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oncogenic
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causes tumors (suffix -genic means producing, originating or causing)
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pathogenic
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means producing disease
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somatogenic
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a symptom that originates in the body
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the suffix -gen as well as the suffix -genic
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is used to indicate a substance that produces or causes—for example, a cancer-causing substance is a carcinogen (from the combining form carcin/o).
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eti/o
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means cause (of disease), and thus etiology is the study of causes of diseases.
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If the cause is unknown (idi/o),
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the disease is said to be idiopathic (idi/o + path/o + -ic).
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dysplasia
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abnormal development; a term built using the suffix -plasia (condition of formation, development, or growth) and the prefix dys- (abnormal, difficult, labored, or painful).
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hypoplasia
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is an incomplete development, usually of an organ or tissue; the word comes from combining -plasia with the prefix hypo-, meaning below, incomplete, or deficient.
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hyperplasia
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the excessive development of an organ or tissue, coming from changing the prefix to hyper-, which means above or excessive.
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metaplasia
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refers to the change in development of normal tissue cells from the expected type into another type. The prefix meta- means after, beyond, or changed.
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neoplasm
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a new growth coming from the prefix neo- meaning new and the suffix -plasm meaning growth, substance, or formation
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neopathy
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a new disease
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tumor
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aka: neoplasm; a mass or growth that arises from normal tissue
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benign tumor
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nonrecurrent and not malignant
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malignant tumor
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invasive, becomes progressively worse and can cause death as in cancer;
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suffix -oma
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indicates a tumor or mass
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smooth muscle
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lei/o (smooth) my/o (muscle)...leiomyoma (a benign tumor), but if it is cancerous or malignant it is called leiomyosarcoma.
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-sarcoma
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meaning cancerous or malignant tumor
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fibroma
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a benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue
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striated muscle combining form
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rhabd/o
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metastasis (mets)
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comes from the prefix meta- (meaning beyond, after, or change) and the suffix -stasis (meaning control, stop, or standing), and thus means beyond control; it refers to the transfer of disease from one organ to another, as in the transfer of malignant tumors, which often leads to death.
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exacerbation
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increase in the severity of disease or its symptoms
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carcinoma in situ
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This means that the cancer is in the early stage; it has not yet invaded surrounding tissue and is thus easier to treat with greater hopes of a complete recovery.
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benign tumors do not invade surrounding areas b/c they are
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encapsulated, held within a fibrous capsule
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histogenesis
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The most logical way to categorize these cancers; The combining form hist/o means tissue, and the suffix -genesis means origin, so histogenesis refers to the type of tissue from which tumor cells originate.
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cancer can also be caused by
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viruses or heredity
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retinoblastoma
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tumor that arises in the eye
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TNM
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One of the most common staging systems for cancer; For example, a tumor with a label of T1N2M0 would be described as follows: the T refers to the size and extent of the tumor itself; thus, a T1 suggests a small tumor. The letter N in this same code represents the number of regional lymph nodes involved. Finally, the letter M refers to the spread to distant sites—in other words, the number of metastases, which in this case is zero.
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Duke Staging System
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for colon cancer
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