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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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must come from somewhere
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Five main elements of life
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
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Oparin and Haldan
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chemical synthesis
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Livery had Miller
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test the hypothesis, that Electricity, lightning, yeilds organic matter and building blocks of life.
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sunlight
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radiation
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geothermal energy
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ocean floor, causes waves
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wave action
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more parsimonious that there were waves
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important players in inorganic to organic conversion
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proteins, RNA, DNA
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Proteins
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motabolism
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RNA
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open up DNA, RNA polymerase
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DNA
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reproduction
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RNA has
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autocatalysitic properties, can act as enzyme to catalyse it's own synthesis
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RNA came before
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Proteins
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new niche opens...
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DNA evolves
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Thiesters
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crucial in RNA production
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Geochemistry
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study the beginning of life
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clay
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1/6th mm in size, replicates itself with same crystalline stucture
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metabolism in geochemistry
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electron transport chain
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first form of replication
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clay minerals
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phospholipid
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homeostasis, bilayer in membrane
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length of tail
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determines interaction
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Short
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independant
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Longer
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forms solid ball
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Longest
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bilayer, vesicle, thermodynamic equalibrium state, beginning of a homeostatic system
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Most early heat
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came from the ocean floor
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phosphobilayer could have spontaneously formed
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from a meteorite
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Bio-geography
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study of spacial distribution of organisms.
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Interpretation
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of the patterns of distribution
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linking evolution
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to ecology
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does evolution..
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effect the geography
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study how geography
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effects extinction
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Wallace 1876
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decrepiency between the flora and fauna of northern and southern hemisphere
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southern hemi
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distinct organism, isolated
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Northern hemi
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not distinct
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Abiotic factors that effect distribution
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climate, soil, topography, disturbances
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climate
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temperature and moisture
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soil
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plants
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topography
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climate variety
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disturbances
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influences stages of community succession, example is forrest fires
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climax community
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hardwood forrest
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biotic factors
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competition, preditor/prey, parisites, mutualism, dispersal agents
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Gators and Crocidiles
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meet in south Florida on the distribution map
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dispersal
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requires an adaptation
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vicariance
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geographic barrier
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Egret
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potential for speciation, small isolated population made it to N.America from storm, had to adapt. This is an example of dispersal and vicariance.
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Marsupials
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South America and Australia, probably happen by vicariance from continental drift. came from antartica.
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plants modes of dispersal
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wind, water, animal
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water dispersal
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unaffected by distance
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Galapogos Islands
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small, very old, many species, and are endemic to the island.
Tortus and Cacti, study of beak size |
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island
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has its own evolved taxa
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Savanna
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tree is like its own island, has a short lifespan
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coral reef
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somewhat of an island with its own taxa
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cave
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organisms develop blindness because they never go anywhere else
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Einstein
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changed newtons idea to make it relevant.
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metabolism
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takes energy of one form and puts it in another, ATP
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Life
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Metabolism
Homeostasis Respond Grow Replicate Evolve |
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open system
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increase energy to fight entrophy
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Radioactive
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gives off heat as it decays
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radio metric dating
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has a maximum and minimum, potentially unstable
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iron most absorbant
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in the earth
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Australia
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oldest fossilized bacteriaq
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Francesco Redi
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covered and uncovered meat
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Louis pastuer
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swan neck flask, proves the existance of airborne bacterial
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Miller
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Miller’s experiments showed that volcanic atmosphere gases in combination with liquid water and a suitable energy source yield numerous organic compounds including amino acids. Other researchers have verified this idea with alternate energy sources etc.
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extirpation
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loss of species in a specific location, dealing with islands
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distance
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bad for imigration, compare to a dartboard
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type 1
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have a high slope and high y-intercept (ex. Pigeons)
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type 2
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have a high slope and low y-intercept (ex. hawks)
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type 3
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have a low slope and high y-intercept (ex. hummingbirds)
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type 4
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have a low slope and low y-intercept (ex. parrots)
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four stages of the taxon cycle
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Stage 1 Expansion (cowbirds)
Stage 2 Widespread (bullfinch) Stage 3 Fragmentation (wrens) Stage 4 Endemics (Stephen’s Island wren) |
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Founder Effect
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colonizers of remote islands are probably atypical of the species
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Genetic Drift
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small population size leads to a significant impact from random chance
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Adaptive Topography
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numerous open niches favor disruptive selection.
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Shift from r to K selection
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due to small population size carrying capacity is reached quickly
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Effects of disturbance
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– climatic extremes have significantly more impact on islands
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horotely
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average rate of evolution
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bradytely
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slow evolution
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tachytely
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fast evolution
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Respiratory physiology
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the Australian lungfish has a full set of gills and one functional lung. The African and South American lungfish have reduced gills and two functional lungs.
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adapted to a niche
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organisms do not tend to change if they do not need to
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neoceratodus
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plan works, why change?
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African lungfish
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go into state of estivation for 2 and a half years,
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coelangth
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lungs are filled with fat and live deep in the ocean
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Ripidistian
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had partial limbs, extinct
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tetrapoda
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early amphibian, lead to land
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If niche “evolution” is rapid
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then disruptive selection will predominate
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If a series of niches become vacant (i.e. after a mass extinction event
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disruptive and/or multiple front directional selection will occur.
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African Cichlids
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have endimic species do to islands being like islands
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MacFadden
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set of 26 horses, switch from browsing to grazing
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-r
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possible if trait is more predominant in ancestors
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Darwinian Gradualism
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states that the majority of change is the result of long-term directional selection operating within a lineage.
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Ernst Mayr
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One of the leading early advocates of this model is
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Quantum Evolution
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An alternative model was proposed by Simpson in the 1950’s, speciation event sight of most change
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Eldridge and Gould
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developed the Punctuated Equilibrium model in the mid 1970’s
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positive mutation
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a mutation will fit a niche
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paleozoic bivalves
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15MY of same habitat, fits for punctuated equilibrium and solves the missing link problem
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psuedoextinction
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Not real extinction, evolve over time, teeth size is an example
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P. Equilbrium has a large effect....
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Example is mammals filling the niches only after the dinosaurs died
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Gradualism
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turning one species into another over time
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homonid species
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3 exist at the same time
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chimps vs. humans
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have a more drastic change from child to adult than humans
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Neoteny
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juvenile in the reproductive stage
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angled femar
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helped in bipedalism
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number of niches available is limited by the
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bauplan
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bauplan
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gestation period, mammals can obtain more niches because of there ability to protect the fetus.
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marsupials
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are only bipeds since they need to front hands for grasping
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Lyellian Curves
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The percentage of the modern fauna existing backward through time can be plotted graphically
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Extrinsic Rate
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is estimated from the curve by plotting the 50% point down to the x-axis. The time indicated on the x-axis is then doubled to determine the average species duration
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Cretaceus
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16%, parsimony, probably meteror
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End Triassic
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22%
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Permian triassic
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95% 240 mya, freezing temperature, volcanic ash
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late Devonian
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22% marine gone
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Ordovician-Silurian extinction
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killed 25 % of marine families little or no terrestrial life at that time
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higher evolutionary rate
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more sensitive to change
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intermediate host
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doesn't have to keep host alive, moving on to another on
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definative host
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wants to keep it alive
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bats
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loud as a jet, can't hear it, moths can
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Red queen hypothesis
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running really fast but not getting anywhere, arms race
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bats make
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noise and listen for sound at the same time, have the ability to catch the moth if it drops
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moths
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stealth, absorb sound, move directions, can hear the bat, fly irradically, produce false echos
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loose symbiotic relationship
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crocadile and birds, pick out meat
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cattle egrets
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feed off grasshoppers disturbing cows
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obligated symbiotic relationship
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termite and the bacteria, wouldnt be able to digest wood
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strong base of flowers
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prevents robbers, gives some free nector
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Calvary tree
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mostly distributed by dodo, now turkey has been introduced
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