Evolution Test 1

Front 1

What were the pre-18th century views of the natural world?

Back 1

--250 years ago ppl thought wold nnever changed and nature worked to strict mathematical laws

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What did carolus linneas do?

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--Was sure world was created at 9am, october 26thk, 40004 BC
--Noticed things came in pairs and listed plants in order of classification of thnumber of stamens and pistils
--published Systema naturae

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What did Buffon do?

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--Stuck to bible and everything was unique and separate creation. Said species diverged into similar ones. In 1788 said world was 168000 years old

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What did georgies cuvier do?

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--Coined term catastrophism
--Used comparative anatomy and thought floods from bible wiped out th emonsters

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What was james hutton do?

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--Only one to expalain riddles and how erosion took longer than bible says. Spent his career examining how physical forces modify landscape and argued for uniformitarianism

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What did charles Lyell do?

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Realized that imestone goes into aetna has fossilized shell fish that look lieke the shell fish from now, indicating these fossils were millions of years old

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Alfred russel wallace did what?

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in 1858 he puts together natural selection, ultimately finishing darwins paper. Realized beetle sahpe was same but variety as different based on the life they lived

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What did reverend T.R. Malthus do?

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--Worked in london and collected vital stats from each parish
--Wrote principles of population which had 2 thesis
1.) populations grow exponetnailly Dn/Dt=r(per capita pop growth)N(density of pop)
2. Can create problems such as not enough food which he coined the phrase "struggle for existence)

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Summary of darwin

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--when to U of edinbrugh, met lamarck
--Went to cambridge, met jon henslow and adam sedgewick
--Darwin ultimately wrote origin of species which summed everything up in 400pgs
--Lyle catalyzes the publicatin of origin of species by letting darwin and wallace give a talk

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Theses of darwins paper

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1.) transmutation is common, which is a demonstration of species change via fossil record. Suggest evolution is slow and stedy, called gradualism
2.) natural selection is a potential mechanism

Front 11

What are the three "if" statements for natural selection

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1) if variation exists in the population
2.)at least some of variation is heritable
3.) variation causes differential fitness

Front 12

What are 2 sources of variation

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Genetic and environmental (Vp=Vg+Ve), to satisfy #2, then Vg has to be something above 0.

Front 13

What is fitness defined as?

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The # of fertile and viable offspring per individual per lifetime. Fitness involves reproductive success + life length

Front 14

What is fercondity?

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Component of fitness is measured by AGESPECIFIC FERCONDITY= average # of offspring per individual of age X(mx)

Front 15

Survivorship is a component of fitness measured by

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AGESPECIFIC SURVIVORSHIP= probability of living from birth to start of age Lx

Front 16

Most survivorship curves look like what

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--High juvenile mortailty rate, good in middle years, then high mortaily rate when older

Front 17

How to graph fercundity?

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Mx on y axis, X(age) on xaxis. People who start making kids at age 20 have more grandchildren therefore better.

Front 18

Fercondity and survivorship are pooled to calculate what

Back 18

fitness

Front 19

Whats the definition of transmutation?

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--Evolutionary change within a lineage such as barnacles and modern life forms showing change thru time

Front 20

When did lamarck publish his book and what were the mechanisms

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1809.
1.) environmental changes
2.) changes in use of character
3.) 2 reulsts in change in the character quality
4.) offspring posses the modified characters
(everything but 4 is true)

Front 21

What is ontogenetic change?

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Chane occuring within a lifetime of changes

Front 22

What is the one thing lamarck had definately right?

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Had it right by environmental changes drives evolutionary change

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What is micro-evolution?

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study of evolutionary mechanisms

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What is macro-evolution?

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study of patterns which results from evolution

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What are the mechanisms of ways evolution can occur?

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Cuvier-->catastrophism(not good)
--Lamarck-->not good cuz of reliance on inheritence of ontogenetic change
--Natural selection(good)
--Sexual selection(good)
--Random genetic drift)(good)
--Gene flow(good)

Front 26

Why is natural selection not better than genetic drift?

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Cuz noncoded regions cannot act upon because it produces no product

Front 27

What is sexual selection?

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--Subset of natural selection
--operates by differential access to mates
--products are secondary sexual characters

Front 28

What is random genetic drift?

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--change due to sampling error, such as when you have a small population and they're mating, cuz of the small population size and you cannot observe all possible second generation genotypes

Front 29

What is gene flow?

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Immigration of individuals

Front 30

What is a population?

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--Gruop of individuals of same species within a single geographic location

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What is the genome?

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Genetic structure of a population

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What are the environment variables?

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--Physical variable + biotic variables

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Grants

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--characte of coconcern was beak depth. 9.5mm. Drought was 1977, 93 survived. Differential fitess came in form of Lx. El-nino happened in 1983, 1500mm preceipitaiton.

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Difference between seleciton and natural selection

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--Selection is anytime you have differential fitness
--Natural selection is when you have differential fitness + heredity.

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Parent offspring correlation

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Yvalue(mid-offspring quality), xvalue(mid-parent quality). This gives us r2=correlation coefficient which is heritability which is also Vg. It tells us the proportion of Y, which is explained by X. (Positive trend=have a correlation and there is a parental impact on offspring, if data is all over the place then statistical test tells you lilmited parental impact on offspring)

Front 36

What are the 5 things for natural selection

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1.) Vp>0, right place before right time
2.)Vg>0 (to show this, a heritable component, mid-parent offspring correlation)
3.)Vp drives differential fitness (variation in Lx or Mx)
4.) demonstrate character change (Utilized other observations)
--It took 100 years because you have to have the data describing the character before it is changed. They got lucky.
5.) Selection agent (environmental variable which causes differential fitness. The selection agent was the seed size/availability)

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Kettlewell

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1959. Used moth-recapture moethod. Dark moths returned more in polluted. TT,Tt was typica, tt was carbonaria

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Brown and Brown

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1998. Cliff swallow. SStorms were 1992 and 1996(bad). After storm body mass went up and assymmetry went down. Used truncated breeding experiment for VG>0.

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What is truncated breeding experiment

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--Yaxis(frequency), X axis(character quality). The highest point in the cruve is the average of the population. You take one extreme and only allow those individuals to breed. You then tak ethe average of only the breeders. The x bar of breeders (-) x bar of population = SELECTION POTENTIAL. For offspring, you let them breed. If no Vg, it would be idential to pareent gernreation. If it was 50%, half by environment and half by parents. Xbar offspring(-) xbar pop / x breeder(-) x pop, = selection
response/selection potential

Front 40

Natural selection vs sexual selection

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Nat: vp>0, Vg>0, Vp has to have impact on fiteness
Sex: vp>0, Vg>0, Vp has to cause differential fitness. The difference is access to mates, producing secondary sex characters

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Mendelian genetics:

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1866,1869; charactser are determined from single locus, typically at th elocus there is 2 alleles determing phenotype of individual. They have dominant/recessive interation

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With mendelian genetics, how would you graph the moth experiment

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--Frequency(y), vs carbon character and beige character (x)

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In 1920s, the connection between darwin and mendelian genetics is

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1.) You get character distribultion by multipile loci (cant get rid of single locus)
2.) U get additive allele interactions (dominant recesive interaction needs to be removed). Plot is one straight diagnol line. You get no masking. The character quality seen in individual is summation of alleles they possess of that expression

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3 mordes of the Roles of Selectcion

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1.) directional selectcion, results in character change. (you can drive bodoy mass down or up)
2.) stabilizing selection: reults in character maintenance (selective advantage to be born on the "good" day to minimize predators, birds on right side fail due to not being old enough to migrate)
3.) bimodal distribution: maintains variation and polymorphisms(for african seed eating finch, lower mandible length for single generation has lots of variation. Only some survive after first year, meaning surviorship curve means high mortailty at birth likie normal)

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From 1860 to 1940 we learned about

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inheriteance, population genetics, mutation, and plaeontology

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Inheritance:

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1940, we could see chromosomes because of decrease in price of microscopes. Knew alleles come from utation. Devries91920), TH Morgan (1912), Muller (1927) All of those witnessed mutations

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Population genetics

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--Studying allele frequencies and mechiansms for changing allele frequencies. 2 huge players were R A Fisher (wrote book in 1930 called genetical theory of natural selection). Other was Sewell right: Deonstarted random genetic drift is mechanism of eolution

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For growth concepts, what are the 2 regulation concepts

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1.) physical selection agents
2.) biotic selection agents

Front 49

What did muller do for mutations?

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Said you can force mutations by having drastic environemtanl changes. He x rayed fruit fly larvae

Front 50

Paleontology

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--George Gaylord Simpson: famous for illustarting with fossil record gradual transmutation. Was able to demonstrate Character(Y), FOSSIL AGE(X). He found character groups at different points back in time and when you plot some measure of character quaity you'd see patterns of a straight diagnol line

Front 51

Book: Genetics, paleontology, and evolution

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1949. Jepson, Earnst Mayr, Simpson
1.) population contain genetic variation with arises by recombination, accidents, and mutation
2.) populations evolve by change in gene frequency which is driven by natural selection, sexual selection, random genetic drift, and gene flow
3.) phenotypic changes are slight and gradual
4.) species aarise by reproductiev isolation. Long periods of time can result in separate genera or even separate families

Front 52

Life table study

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Traditional cohord method: observe N individuals from bith to mortlaity. Of the oldest individial observe whose alive and how many they kids tshey have at each X.

Front 53

What is inversely proportionate?

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If survivorship goes up,k fercondity goes down. Vise versa

Front 54

How do you know who has the higher fitness?

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(r) per capita growth grate. The units are individuals per individual per unit of time. R is a function of Lx and Mx. Whichiever population has the higher R value has the highest fitness.