Evolution (Part 2)

Front 1

Taxonomy

Back 1

1970's a swedish botanist Carl von Linne developed the hierarchal system.

Kingdom-->Phylum-->Class-->Order--->Family-->Genus-->Species

Front 2

How do we name a species?

Back 2

Binomial nomenclature

Genus+Species

Front 3

What kind of information goes into a phylogenetic tree

Back 3

Similarties or differences
-Morphology
-Behavior
-Evidence from fossils
-Molecules (DNA)

Front 4

Homologous Structures

Back 4

-Have the same embroyological origin
-Common structures in different organisms that result from common ancestory

-Evolution has formed adaptations to certain niches

Front 5

Analogous Structures

Back 5

-Two structures on different creatures that serve the same purpose.
-Evolutionary Convergence

Front 6

Principles of Macroevolution
-What is macroevolution
-What is a species?
-What are they isolated from?

Back 6

-Macroevolution is regarded as an emergence of new species.

-Species are groups of individuals that actually or potentially breed with each other and no one else.

-Species are exclusive to their own kind in terms of reproduction AKA they are reproductively isolated.

Front 7

Hybrid Species
-What happens if two closely related species mate?
-What are the three barriers in place, if reproduction is successful? (Post-Zygotic Barrier)

-A hybrid has zero ______

Back 7

-If two closely related species mate and are successful in doing so, they produce a hybrid.

-Post zygotic barriers keep the hybrid from translating its genes into the geen pool.

-Hybrid Inviability
The hybrid fails to develop or fails to reach sexual maturity

-Hybrid Sterility
reaches sexual maturity but fails to produce appropriate courtship displays or mating behavior
-Fails to produce gametes

-A hybrid displays infertility and is sterile, as a result its fitness is zergo

Front 8

Modes of Speciation
(Allopatric Speciation)
What is this the result of?

-What is the unifying element of all modes of speciation

Back 8

-Allopatric Speciation(different country) the result of geographic isolation due to some kind of physical barrier

-Unifying element is that all modes of speciation result in the splitting of gene flow

Front 9

Prezygotic Barriers
-What is a prezygotic barrier

-What is Ecological Isolation?
-What is Temporal Isolation?
-What is Behavioral Isolation?
-What is Mechanical Isolation?
-What is Gametic Isolation?
-What is Geographic Isolation, and what is it the first step of?

Back 9

-A prezygotic barrier prevent mating or fertilization between closely related species

--Geographic isolation the first step in allopatric speciation, two species cannot mate if they live in different places

-Ecological Isolation is when two species live in the same region, but not in the same habitat

-Temporal Isolation is when two species mate at different times of the year

-Mechanical Isolation is when two species are not physically compatiable to reproduce

-Gametic Isolation is important when species reproduce externally, gametes fail to fuse together

Front 10

Modes of Speciation
(Sympatric)

Back 10

-When the population is genetically split, not physically, the splinter population becomes isolated even with the parent population in the same area

Front 11

Modes of Speciation
(Parapatric)

-What is this?

-What is a cline?

Back 11

-This mode of speciation is the result of a species spread across a cline

-A cline is a gradient of environment, example : differences in soil chemistry along a plane.

Front 12

Extinction
-What is Extinction?
-What does it open up, what does that result in?

Back 12

-Extinction is the case when all the members of a species are gone

-Extinction opens up niches, therefore, it can actually promote the evolution of a new species

Front 13

Adaptive Radiation
-What is this

Back 13

-An adaptive radiation of new species,

Front 14

The tempo of Macroevolution
(Punctuated Equillibria)
-What is this

Back 14

-Long periods of little change, or equillibrium, punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation

Front 15

The tempo of Macroevolution
(Graduated Model)

Back 15

-Species evolve little by little
-Big changes from the steady accumulation of small changes